Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By Application (Commercial Aviation, Military Aviation, General Aviation, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), By Battery Type (Nickel-Cadmium, Nickel-Metal Hydride, Lithium-Ion), By Voltage (12V, 24V, 28V, 42V), By End Use (Passenger Aircraft, Cargo Aircraft, Training Aircraft), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market is projected to grow from USD 0.78 Billion in 2025 to USD 0.95 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 3.4% from 2026 through 2035. The Ni-Cd aircraft battery market encompasses the manufacturing, distribution, and maintenance of nickel-cadmium batteries specifically designed for aviation applications. These batteries are crucial for various aircraft systems, including engine starting, emergency power, and auxiliary power units, due to their robust performance, high power density, and reliability in extreme operating conditions. The market is exclusively dominated by the Nickel-Cadmium segment, reflecting the enduring trust in this proven technology within the aviation industry for its critical applications. Key drivers include the ongoing growth in global air travel and cargo operations, leading to an increased demand for new aircraft and the need for regular maintenance and replacement of existing battery units. Furthermore, stringent aviation safety regulations mandate the use of highly reliable power sources, further solidifying the position of Ni-Cd batteries. However, a significant restraint on market growth is the increasing environmental concerns associated with cadmium, a toxic heavy metal, pushing regulatory bodies and manufacturers to explore alternative battery chemistries. Despite these challenges, the established infrastructure for Ni-Cd battery maintenance and recycling, coupled with their proven track record, continues to sustain their demand.
Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035
2025 - 2035
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A prominent trend shaping the Ni-Cd aircraft battery market is the focus on extending battery life and improving charge cycle efficiency through technological advancements. Manufacturers are investing in research and development to enhance battery management systems and cell designs, aiming to reduce maintenance requirements and operational costs for airlines. Another notable trend is the push towards lighter battery solutions without compromising performance, driven by the aviation industry's constant pursuit of fuel efficiency. Opportunities in this market lie in the aftermarket segment, particularly for MRO (Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul) services, as the existing fleet of aircraft continues to rely on Ni-Cd batteries for their operational lifespan. Additionally, the development of advanced recycling technologies for Ni-Cd batteries presents an opportunity to mitigate environmental concerns and create a more circular economy within the industry. The market also presents opportunities in specialized aviation sectors, such as military aircraft and certain types of regional jets, where the unique performance characteristics of Ni-Cd batteries remain highly valued.
North America stands as the dominant region in the global Ni-Cd aircraft battery market. This dominance is primarily attributable to the presence of a mature aviation industry, a high concentration of major aircraft manufacturers, and a well-established MRO infrastructure. The region also benefits from significant defense spending and a large fleet of military aircraft that traditionally utilize Ni-Cd batteries. Conversely, the Asia Pacific region is projected to be the fastest-growing market. This growth is fueled by the rapid expansion of air travel and cargo activities, particularly in emerging economies, leading to substantial investments in new aircraft and airport infrastructure. Increasing disposable incomes and urbanization in countries within Asia Pacific are driving a surge in passenger traffic, creating a robust demand for aircraft and consequently, Ni-Cd batteries for both initial equipment and aftermarket replacements. Key players such as Boeing, Panasonic Corporation, Saft Group, and GS Yuasa Corporation are actively engaged in maintaining product quality, expanding their service networks, and exploring strategic partnerships to capitalize on market opportunities. These companies are focusing on optimizing battery performance, ensuring compliance with evolving aviation standards, and providing comprehensive after-sales support to airlines and MRO facilities globally.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 0.78 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 0.95 BillionLeading Segment:
Nickel-Cadmium (100% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
North America (38.2% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
3.4%
Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Emerging Trends and Insights
Sustainable Practices for NiCd Batteries
The trend of sustainable practices for NiCd batteries in the global aircraft market reflects a critical industry shift towards environmental responsibility and resource efficiency. Faced with stringent regulations regarding hazardous materials and a growing demand for eco conscious operations, manufacturers and airlines are exploring innovative approaches. This includes developing enhanced recycling programs to reclaim valuable cadmium and nickel, minimizing landfill waste and recovering raw materials for reuse. Research also focuses on extending battery lifespan through advanced maintenance protocols and smart charging technologies, thus reducing the frequency of replacement and the overall environmental footprint. Furthermore, exploring safer electrolyte alternatives and improving production processes to reduce energy consumption and waste generation are key components of this sustainability drive. These efforts aim to balance operational reliability with a commitment to long term environmental stewardship in aircraft power solutions.
Enhanced Energy Density in Aircraft NiCd
Aircraft NiCd batteries are undergoing a significant evolution, focusing on enhanced energy density. This trend represents a concentrated effort to pack more usable power into existing battery form factors, or even smaller ones. Engineers are achieving this through innovations in electrode materials, separator technologies, and electrolyte formulations. The goal is to maximize the charge holding capacity per unit of weight and volume, directly translating to extended operational times for onboard systems or lighter battery packs for the same energy output. This improved density benefits aircraft performance by reducing overall weight, potentially leading to lower fuel consumption or increased payload capacity. It also allows for more compact battery installations, freeing up valuable space within the aircraft and simplifying maintenance. This advancement is crucial for modernizing aging aircraft fleets and integrating new electrical systems requiring reliable, high capacity power sources without a significant weight penalty.
Digitalization of NiCd Battery Maintenance
The global NiCd aircraft battery market is experiencing a significant shift towards digitalized maintenance. Traditionally, NiCd battery upkeep involved manual readings, paper logs, and visual inspections for voltage, capacity, and temperature. This process was time consuming, prone to human error, and offered limited real time insights into battery health.
The current trend integrates smart sensors directly into battery packs or charging equipment. These sensors continuously monitor critical parameters like cell voltage, internal resistance, temperature, and charge cycles. Data is then wirelessly transmitted to sophisticated software platforms. These platforms analyze the data, identify potential issues before they become critical, predict maintenance needs, and optimize charging protocols. This proactive approach extends battery life, enhances safety, and reduces aircraft downtime, moving from reactive repairs to predictive maintenance strategies. This digitalization streamlines operations and improves overall fleet reliability.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market
Stringent Regulatory Requirements for Aircraft Safety
Stringent regulatory requirements for aircraft safety are a pivotal driver in the global Ni-Cd aircraft battery market. Aviation authorities worldwide enforce rigorous standards for all aircraft components, especially those critical for flight operations like batteries. These regulations mandate specific performance criteria, reliability benchmarks, and maintenance protocols for aircraft power systems. Ni-Cd batteries, with their proven track record of robustness, high cycle life, and reliable performance across various temperatures, often meet these exacting specifications. The need for certified components that comply with strict airworthiness directives compels airlines and manufacturers to select dependable battery technologies. This regulatory pressure sustains demand for established and compliant Ni-Cd battery solutions ensuring operational safety and uninterrupted power for essential aircraft systems.
Growing Demand for Reliable and Durable Aircraft Power Solutions
The increasing demand for dependable and long-lasting power solutions in the global aviation sector is a primary driver for the Ni-Cd aircraft battery market. As air travel continues to expand globally, there's a heightened need for aircraft that can operate efficiently and safely over extended periods. Ni-Cd batteries are favored for their proven reliability, robust performance in various operational conditions, and their extended cycle life, which translates to fewer replacements and lower maintenance costs for airlines and operators. This makes them a preferred choice for powering critical aircraft systems including engine starting, emergency power, and avionics. The emphasis on flight safety and operational efficiency further fuels the adoption of these trusted battery technologies.
Expansion of Global Aircraft Fleet and Air Travel
The significant growth in the global aircraft fleet and a consistent rise in air travel are primary catalysts for the Ni-Cd aircraft battery market. As more aircraft are manufactured and put into service, there is a direct increase in the demand for robust and reliable power sources. Ni-Cd batteries are a well-established and trusted technology in the aviation sector, valued for their proven performance, high discharge rates, and ability to operate across a wide range of temperatures. The expansion of air travel, fueled by increasing global connectivity and passenger numbers, necessitates the continuous maintenance and replacement of existing aircraft batteries to ensure safety and operational efficiency. This ongoing need for dependable power solutions directly boosts the adoption of Ni-Cd batteries in both new aircraft and the vast existing fleet.
Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Restraints
Stringent Aviation Regulations & Certification Hurdles
Stringent aviation regulations and certification hurdles significantly constrain the global nickel-cadmium aircraft battery market. Aircraft batteries are critical safety components, necessitating rigorous testing and validation to meet airworthiness standards set by authorities like the FAA and EASA. Manufacturers must navigate complex approval processes, including extensive performance testing, durability assessments, and material conformity checks. This involves substantial investment in research, development, and compliance efforts, which small and new entrants often find prohibitive. Furthermore, any design or material change triggers a new certification cycle, leading to long lead times and increased costs. These demanding requirements create high barriers to entry, limit innovation speed, and ultimately restrict market growth and competition within the established Ni-Cd battery sector for aircraft applications.
Declining Ni-Cd Production & Supply Chain Disruptions
The global Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd) aircraft battery market faces a significant hurdle due to the widespread decline in Ni-Cd production and concurrent supply chain disruptions. This restraint stems from environmental concerns and regulatory pressures pushing manufacturers away from cadmium containing products. As a result, fewer companies are investing in new Ni-Cd battery manufacturing facilities or maintaining existing ones. The shrinking number of producers leads to reduced availability of raw materials and finished batteries. Furthermore, an inconsistent supply chain makes it difficult for aircraft operators and maintenance organizations to source replacement batteries reliably and cost effectively. This scarcity and unreliability impact market stability and growth, driving a shift towards alternative battery technologies.
Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Opportunities
Sustained Demand in Legacy Aircraft Ni-Cd Battery Replacement & Maintenance
The opportunity stems from the enduring operational presence of a large global fleet of legacy aircraft still reliant on Ni-Cd batteries. These older airplanes, particularly prevalent in regions like Asia Pacific, continue to require Ni-Cd power for essential functions such as engine starting and critical emergency systems. Due to stringent aviation safety regulations and operational imperatives, these batteries have a defined service life and mandate regular maintenance, capacity testing, overhaul, and eventual replacement. This continuous cycle of servicing and substitution creates a predictable and stable demand for new Ni-Cd units and related support services. For many operators, the cost and complexity of completely retrofitting older aircraft with alternative battery chemistries are prohibitive. Consequently, maintaining the existing Ni-Cd infrastructure through direct replacement and specialized maintenance remains the most practical and cost effective approach, ensuring a sustained and robust market for Ni-Cd aircraft battery manufacturers and service providers globally.
Niche Market for Ni-Cd Batteries in Specialized & Harsh Environment Aviation
The global Ni-Cd aircraft battery market offers a compelling opportunity within specialized and harsh environment aviation. Ni-Cd batteries excel due to their unparalleled reliability, wide operating temperature tolerance, and high power output, making them indispensable for aircraft facing extreme operational demands. This niche includes critical applications such as military aviation, emergency power systems, and specialized utility aircraft that operate in challenging conditions like deserts, arctic regions, or high altitudes, experiencing severe temperatures and vibrations. Despite emerging battery technologies, Ni-Cd maintains its significant position because of its proven durability, robust performance under stress, and extensive certification history for these exacting requirements. Businesses catering to this segment can leverage a sustained demand for resilient, high performance power solutions. This encompasses servicing existing fleets and equipping new specialized platforms worldwide, where unwavering operational safety and longevity are paramount, securing a valuable market position.
Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Application
- •Commercial Aviation
- •Military Aviation
- •General Aviation
- •Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
By Battery Type
- •Nickel-Cadmium
- •Nickel-Metal Hydride
- •Lithium-Ion
By End Use
- •Passenger Aircraft
- •Cargo Aircraft
- •Training Aircraft
By Voltage
- •12V
- •24V
- •28V
- •42V
Segment Share By Application
Share, By Application, 2025 (%)
- Commercial Aviation
- Military Aviation
- General Aviation
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
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Why is Nickel Cadmium the sole battery type dominating the Global Aircraft Battery Market?
Nickel Cadmium batteries are exclusively utilized in this market due to their unparalleled track record of reliability, consistent performance across extreme temperatures, and high power delivery capabilities essential for aircraft startup and emergency systems. Their established safety certifications and robust design comply with stringent aerospace regulations, making them the mandated technology for existing aircraft platforms where alternative chemistries have not yet achieved full operational approval or widespread integration for primary applications.
Which application segment primarily drives demand for Ni-Cd aircraft batteries?
Commercial Aviation and Military Aviation segments are the leading contributors to the demand for Ni-Cd aircraft batteries. Commercial aircraft, with their extensive flight hours and critical need for dependable power for engine starting and auxiliary functions, represent a substantial user base. Similarly, military aircraft rely on the proven resilience and high discharge rates of Ni-Cd batteries for mission-critical operations, ensuring robust power delivery in demanding environments and diverse operational scenarios.
Which end use segment demonstrates significant consumption of Ni-Cd aircraft batteries?
Passenger Aircraft represent a significant portion of the end use segment consuming Ni-Cd aircraft batteries. These aircraft require robust and reliable power for engine starting, emergency power backup, and auxiliary systems across thousands of daily flights. The established safety profiles and endurance of Ni-Cd batteries make them the standard choice for ensuring operational continuity and passenger safety, outweighing other end uses like cargo or training aircraft in terms of overall battery volume and replacement cycles.
Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Regulatory and Policy Environment Analysis
Global Ni Cd aircraft battery regulations are stringent due to safety and environmental concerns. Aviation authorities like FAA EASA and national bodies impose rigorous airworthiness certification requirements including DO 160 testing and specific TSOs for battery design manufacture and performance. These ensure operational safety and reliability critical for flight applications.
Environmentally, global initiatives restrict cadmium use. While general consumer and industrial applications face bans from directives such as EU RoHS, critical aviation uses often receive exemptions where no equivalently reliable alternative exists. This delicate balance permits Ni Cd usage in specific aircraft systems. However, emphasis remains on responsible end of life management recycling and hazardous waste disposal compliance to mitigate environmental impact. International Civil Aviation Organization and IATA regulations also govern safe transport of these batteries classified as dangerous goods. The industry continues to monitor alternative chemistries but established safety records and robust regulatory frameworks maintain Ni Cd’s role for specific aviation needs.
Which Emerging Technologies Are Driving New Trends in the Market?
Innovations in the global Ni-Cd aircraft battery market center on refining core technologies to meet stringent aviation requirements. Emerging advancements include enhanced electrode materials, such as optimized nickel hydroxide and cadmium alloys, boosting energy density and power output while maintaining robust performance. Improved electrolyte formulations and separator technologies contribute to extended cycle life and superior thermal stability, critical for inflight safety. Battery management systems are evolving, integrating advanced diagnostics and predictive maintenance capabilities through sophisticated sensing and data analytics. This enables real time health monitoring and proactive issue resolution, significantly reducing unscheduled maintenance. Furthermore, research into more efficient recycling processes for Ni-Cd batteries addresses environmental concerns and supports sustainable operational practices within the aviation industry. These developments underscore a commitment to reliability, longevity, and operational efficiency for existing aircraft fleets relying on Ni-Cd power solutions.
Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Regional Analysis
Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market
Trends, by Region
North America Market
Revenue Share, 2025
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Dominant Region
North America · 38.2% share
North America stands as the dominant region in the global Ni Cd aircraft battery market, commanding a substantial 38.2% market share. This significant presence is propelled by several key factors. The region boasts a highly developed aerospace industry, characterized by major aircraft manufacturers, extensive MRO maintenance, repair, and overhaul facilities, and a large operational fleet of commercial and military aircraft. Stringent aviation regulations and a strong emphasis on flight safety in countries like the United States and Canada necessitate reliable and certified battery solutions, further solidifying the demand for Ni Cd batteries. Additionally continuous technological advancements and robust research and development activities contribute to the region's leadership.
Fastest Growing Region
Asia Pacific · 5.2% CAGR
Asia Pacific is poised to be the fastest growing region in the global Ni-Cd aircraft battery market, exhibiting a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate of 5.2% from 2026 to 2035. This accelerated growth is primarily fueled by a significant increase in air travel demand across emerging economies like India and China. Expanding commercial airline fleets and the concurrent rise in MRO activities within the region directly translate to higher demand for reliable Ni-Cd batteries for aircraft power systems. Furthermore, governmental initiatives promoting domestic aerospace manufacturing and a burgeoning defense sector acquiring new aircraft contribute substantially to this upward trajectory. The region's commitment to modernizing existing aircraft and investing in new ones secures its leading position in market expansion.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitical tensions impact supply chains for cadmium and nickel, key battery components. China's dominance in rare earth elements and mineral processing creates vulnerabilities. Geopolitical alliances influence trade flows and technology sharing for specialized aerospace batteries. Regulatory changes in aviation safety and environmental standards, particularly regarding cadmium, shape market dynamics, potentially favoring alternative chemistries or requiring substantial recycling infrastructure. Export controls on advanced aerospace technology also affect market access and technology transfer.
Macroeconomic factors, including global airline passenger traffic and defense spending, directly influence demand for aircraft batteries. Fluctuations in commodity prices for nickel and cadmium impact manufacturing costs. Interest rate changes affect airline purchasing power and fleet modernization plans. Exchange rate volatility influences import costs and export competitiveness for battery manufacturers. Economic downturns lead to deferred aircraft maintenance and new aircraft deliveries, impacting battery replacement cycles. Inflationary pressures increase operating costs across the aerospace industry.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
Panasonic Corporation and Sierra Nevada Corporation announced a strategic partnership to develop next-generation Ni-Cd battery solutions tailored for long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This collaboration aims to enhance energy density and cycle life, addressing the growing demand for extended operational capabilities in surveillance and logistics drones.
- January 2025
Saft Group unveiled its new line of ultra-low maintenance Ni-Cd aircraft batteries, specifically designed for regional jet applications. These new batteries promise extended service intervals and reduced total cost of ownership for airlines, leveraging advanced electrode materials to minimize electrolyte consumption.
- November 2024
GS Yuasa Corporation acquired a significant stake in Key Batteries, a niche manufacturer specializing in high-performance Ni-Cd batteries for military aircraft applications. This acquisition strengthens GS Yuasa's position in the defense sector and expands its portfolio with specialized, ruggedized battery solutions.
- September 2024
Boeing initiated a strategic initiative with Spectrum Technologies to explore the integration of 'smart' Ni-Cd battery management systems (BMS) into its commercial aircraft fleet. This partnership focuses on real-time health monitoring and predictive maintenance capabilities for Ni-Cd batteries, enhancing safety and operational efficiency.
Key Players Analysis
Leading the Ni-Cd aircraft battery market are Panasonic, GS Yuasa, and Saft Group, excelling in manufacturing and advanced battery technologies for aviation. Boeing and Sierra Nevada Corporation act as key integrators and consumers, influencing design specifications. Strategic initiatives include enhancing energy density and lifespan, crucial for market growth driven by aircraft fleet expansion and demand for reliable power solutions, with companies like Key Batteries and Spectrum Technologies contributing specialized components.
List of Key Companies:
- Boeing
- Panasonic Corporation
- Key Batteries
- Sierra Nevada Corporation
- GS Yuasa Corporation
- Energizer Holdings
- Spectrum Technologies
- Furukawa Electric Co Ltd
- Saft Group
- Amperex Technology Limited
- Aerospace Battery Corporation
- Eveready Industries India Limited
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 0.78 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 0.95 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 3.4% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Battery Type, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Voltage, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Battery Type, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Voltage, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Battery Type, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Voltage, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Battery Type, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Voltage, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Battery Type, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Voltage, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Battery Type, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Voltage, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Ni-Cd Aircraft Battery Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035