Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By Frequency Range (Low Frequency, Medium Frequency, High Frequency, Ultra High Frequency, Microwave), By Application (Aerospace, Telecommunications, Consumer Electronics, Automotive, Healthcare), By Type (Spectrum Analyzers, Signal Generators, Network Analyzers, Power Meters, Remote Radio Head), By End Use (Research and Development, Manufacturing, Quality Assurance, Field Testing), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market is projected to grow from USD 5.8 Billion in 2025 to USD 10.9 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 8.7% from 2026 through 2035. This market encompasses a wide range of devices and systems used to measure, analyze, and characterize RF signals and components. It is crucial for ensuring the performance, reliability, and compliance of wireless communication systems, electronic devices, and various other RF dependent technologies. Key market drivers include the accelerating deployment of 5G and future wireless technologies, the proliferation of IoT devices, increasing demand for connected vehicles, and the continuous innovation in aerospace and defense applications requiring sophisticated RF testing. The market is segmented by application, type, frequency range, and end use, providing a granular view of its diverse landscape. Leading segments, such as telecommunications, underscore the critical role RF test equipment plays in a hyper connected world.
Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035
2025 - 2035
www.makdatainsights.com
Important trends shaping the market include the move towards higher frequency bands, such as millimeter wave, for next-generation communication, driving the development of more advanced and precise test solutions. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into test equipment for predictive maintenance and enhanced analytics is another significant development. Furthermore, the rising adoption of modular and software defined instrumentation offers greater flexibility and scalability for evolving test requirements. However, the market faces restraints such as the high initial cost of advanced RF test equipment, particularly for specialized applications, and the increasing complexity of RF designs, which necessitates more sophisticated and often custom test solutions. The shortage of skilled personnel capable of operating and interpreting results from complex RF test setups also poses a challenge.
Despite these challenges, significant opportunities abound. The expansion of smart city initiatives, the growing demand for satellite broadband services, and the emergence of new applications in quantum computing and advanced radar systems present fertile ground for market growth. Asia Pacific stands out as the dominant region due to its robust manufacturing base, rapid digital transformation initiatives, and extensive investments in 5G infrastructure. The region is also the fastest growing, propelled by a large consumer electronics market, government support for domestic technology development, and a burgeoning ecosystem of start-ups innovating in wireless communication and IoT. Key players like Keysight Technologies, Rohde & Schwarz, and Anritsu are actively pursuing strategies such as strategic partnerships, product innovation, and geographical expansion to capitalize on these opportunities and maintain their competitive edge. Others, including B&K Precision, Ono Sokki, and Viavi Solutions, focus on niche markets and specialized solutions to carve out their market share. The competitive landscape is characterized by continuous innovation and a strong emphasis on providing comprehensive solutions that address the evolving needs of diverse end users.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 5.8 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 10.9 BillionLeading Segment:
Telecommunications (38.5% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
Asia Pacific (43.8% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
8.7%
Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Emerging Trends and Insights
5G Advanced and 6G Prototyping Solutions
The global radio frequency RF test equipment market is significantly shaped by the evolution of wireless communication standards. As 5G technology matures, there is an increasing demand for sophisticated testing solutions that address the complexities of 5G Advanced features like enhanced massive MIMO, extended reality support, and ultra reliable low latency communication. This necessitates advanced spectrum analyzers, signal generators, network emulators, and over the air test systems capable of handling higher frequencies and wider bandwidths. Concurrently, extensive research and development efforts are underway for 6G, the next generation of wireless technology. Prototyping and early stage testing of 6G concepts, which explore sub terahertz and terahertz frequencies, artificial intelligence integration, and novel antenna arrays, require innovative RF test equipment with expanded frequency ranges, higher accuracy, and advanced measurement capabilities to characterize new waveforms and propagation models. This dual focus drives continuous innovation in RF test equipment to support both incremental advancements and revolutionary leaps in wireless communication.
AI Powered RF Test Automation
AI Powered RF Test Automation is fundamentally reshaping the global radio frequency test equipment landscape. This trend represents a significant evolution from traditional manual or script driven test methodologies. Artificial intelligence algorithms are now being integrated into RF test systems enabling unprecedented levels of efficiency and accuracy. AI driven automation allows for intelligent test plan generation adaptive test sequences and real time anomaly detection during device characterization and validation. Machine learning capabilities enable these systems to learn from vast datasets improving their ability to identify subtle performance issues and predict potential failures. This innovation optimizes resource utilization reduces human error accelerates time to market for new RF products and lowers overall testing costs across various industries including telecommunications aerospace and defense. The shift empowers engineers to focus on complex problem solving while routine and intricate testing becomes autonomously managed by intelligent systems.
Sub Terahertz Wavefront Characterization
Sub terahertz wavefront characterization is a burgeoning trend in the global RF test equipment market driven by the demands of next generation communication systems and advanced sensor technologies. As frequencies extend beyond millimeter wave into the sub terahertz range precise control and understanding of the electromagnetic wave’s phase and amplitude across its propagating surface become critical. This trend reflects the need for increasingly sophisticated test solutions capable of mapping and analyzing these complex wavefronts with high spatial resolution and accuracy. Equipment supporting this includes advanced vector network analyzers with specialized probes and measurement setups as well as dedicated wavefront sensors. The ability to characterize these waves is essential for developing and validating components arrays and systems for 6G communications high resolution imaging and autonomous driving applications where beamforming and steering are paramount.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market
Rising Demand for Advanced Wireless Technologies (5G, IoT, Wi-Fi 6/7)
The insatiable appetite for faster more reliable wireless connectivity drives significant investment in advanced RF test equipment. Technologies like 5G IoT and Wi Fi 6/7 require rigorous testing across their entire lifecycle from research and development to manufacturing and deployment. To deliver the promised speeds low latency and massive device connectivity new frequency bands complex modulation schemes and beamforming techniques are being employed. These innovations necessitate sophisticated test solutions to ensure proper performance interoperability and compliance with stringent industry standards. Without precise measurement and validation the full potential of these next generation wireless technologies cannot be realized. This continuous evolution and widespread adoption fuel the demand for cutting edge RF test equipment.
Escalating Need for RF Test Equipment in Aerospace & Defense and Automotive Sectors
The aerospace defense and automotive industries are experiencing a significant surge in demand for sophisticated radio frequency RF test equipment. This escalation is driven by several factors. In aerospace and defense, the development of advanced communication systems radar technologies and electronic warfare capabilities necessitates rigorous RF testing to ensure performance reliability and compliance with stringent standards. New generation aircraft satellites and defense platforms incorporate complex RF systems requiring comprehensive testing throughout their lifecycle.
Simultaneously the automotive sector is undergoing a massive transformation with the advent of connected autonomous and electric vehicles. These innovations rely heavily on RF technologies for features like radar for ADAS 5G connectivity for V2X communication and wireless charging. Each component and integrated system demands precise RF characterization and validation to guarantee safety functionality and user experience. This increasing complexity and reliance on RF across both critical sectors fuels the escalating need for advanced RF test solutions.
Increasing R&D Investments and Innovation in RF Device Manufacturing
Increasing research and development investments and innovation significantly drives the global radio frequency RF test equipment market. As semiconductor companies and device manufacturers pour more capital into advanced RF technologies like 5G, 6G, Wi-Fi 6E, and beyond, the complexity and performance requirements of new RF components escalate. This surge in innovation necessitates more sophisticated and precise RF test equipment to validate designs, ensure quality, and accelerate time to market for novel devices such as advanced transceivers, power amplifiers, and filters. Manufacturers of RF test equipment are compelled to innovate their own product lines to meet the evolving testing demands of these groundbreaking RF technologies, fueling demand across the industry. This continuous cycle of innovation and testing pushes market expansion.
Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Restraints
High Initial Investment Costs for RF Test Equipment
The substantial upfront capital required for sophisticated RF test equipment poses a significant hurdle in the global market. Acquiring advanced spectrum analyzers, network analyzers, signal generators, and oscilloscopes, essential for precise characterization and validation of RF components and systems, demands considerable financial outlay. This high entry barrier particularly impacts smaller enterprises and startups, limiting their ability to invest in stateoftheart testing infrastructure. Even established companies face budget constraints, often leading to extended equipment lifecycles or reliance on older technologies, which can impede innovation and competitive edge. The specialized nature and continuous technological advancements of RF test solutions inherently drive up production and development costs, directly translating to premium pricing for end users.
Rapid Technological Obsolescence Driving Replacement Cycles
Rapid technological advancements create a significant restraint in the global RF test equipment market. As new communication standards, such as 5G and future generations, and more complex RF technologies emerge, existing test equipment quickly becomes outdated. This swift obsolescence forces companies to frequently replace their machinery to remain competitive and ensure their products meet the latest specifications. This constant need for upgrades leads to higher capital expenditures for users, who must regularly invest in new, often more expensive, equipment. For manufacturers, it means shorter product lifecycles and increased pressure to innovate rapidly, leading to substantial research and development costs. This cycle of rapid replacement due to obsolescence can strain market growth and profitability.
Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Opportunities
Driving RF Test Equipment Demand Through 5G-Advanced and 6G Commercialization
The commercialization of 5G Advanced and the foundational development for 6G present a powerful opportunity for the global radio frequency RF test equipment market. These next generation wireless technologies are introducing unprecedented complexities and pushing the boundaries of wireless communication, demanding highly sophisticated and precise RF test solutions.
5G Advanced will refine existing 5G capabilities, enhancing massive MIMO and exploring new spectrums, while 6G promises revolutionary shifts with terahertz frequencies, integrated sensing, AI driven networks, and new use cases across diverse industries. Each evolutionary step requires rigorous testing throughout the entire product lifecycle, from research and development to manufacturing and deployment.
Component validation, device compliance, network performance optimization, and electromagnetic compatibility testing will all intensify. Test equipment capable of handling higher frequencies, broader bandwidths, and more intricate modulation schemes will be essential. This continuous technological evolution directly fuels the demand for advanced RF test equipment, driving growth as the industry prepares for these transformative wireless eras.
Capitalizing on Emerging mmWave and THz Applications in Automotive, IoT, and Satellite Communications
A prime opportunity in the global RF test equipment market lies in capitalizing on the rapid growth of millimeter wave mmWave and terahertz THz applications. Automotive innovation, especially in autonomous driving, increasingly utilizes mmWave radar for advanced sensing and safety, requiring precise validation. The expansive Internet of Things IoT ecosystem demands high bandwidth, low latency wireless connectivity, integrating mmWave and THz into industrial automation and smart cities. Additionally, satellite communications are embracing higher frequency bands to achieve unprecedented data throughput for global connectivity. Each of these transformative applications critically depends on specialized RF test equipment. This equipment is essential for comprehensive research and development, accurate manufacturing testing, and robust deployment verification. It ensures the signal integrity, power accuracy, frequency precision, and antenna performance of components, modules, and complete systems operating at these challenging high frequencies. Providing innovative, high performance test solutions tailored for these demanding mmWave and THz scenarios across automotive, IoT, and satellite sectors will unlock substantial market growth. This strategic imperative focuses on enabling reliable and compliant operation of next generation wireless technologies.
Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Application
- •Aerospace
- •Telecommunications
- •Consumer Electronics
- •Automotive
- •Healthcare
By Type
- •Spectrum Analyzers
- •Signal Generators
- •Network Analyzers
- •Power Meters
- •Remote Radio Head
By Frequency Range
- •Low Frequency
- •Medium Frequency
- •High Frequency
- •Ultra High Frequency
- •Microwave
By End Use
- •Research and Development
- •Manufacturing
- •Quality Assurance
- •Field Testing
Segment Share By Application
Share, By Application, 2025 (%)
- Telecommunications
- Consumer Electronics
- Aerospace
- Automotive
- Healthcare
www.makdatainsights.com
Why is Telecommunications dominating the Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market by application?
Telecommunications holds the largest share due to the relentless demand for faster and more reliable wireless communication technologies such as 5G, 6G, Wi-Fi 6, and satellite communications. This sector heavily relies on RF test equipment for designing, verifying, and deploying base stations, smartphones, and network infrastructure, ensuring signal integrity, spectrum efficiency, and interoperability across complex ecosystems. The rapid evolution of these technologies necessitates continuous testing and optimization, driving substantial demand for advanced RF solutions.
What types of RF test equipment are crucial for addressing evolving technological demands?
Signal Generators and Spectrum Analyzers are particularly crucial, forming the backbone of RF testing across various industries. Signal generators create precise RF signals to simulate real-world conditions for design and characterization, while spectrum analyzers are indispensable for measuring signal power, frequency, and distortion. Network Analyzers also play a vital role in characterizing the performance of RF components and systems, especially with increasing data rates and wider bandwidths in telecommunications and aerospace.
How do varying frequency ranges impact the utility of RF test equipment across different end uses?
The market is segmented by frequency range to cater to diverse application needs. High Frequency and Ultra High Frequency equipment are indispensable for advanced wireless communications, radar systems, and satellite applications in aerospace and telecommunications. Conversely, Medium Frequency and Low Frequency equipment are essential for broadcast, industrial control, and certain automotive applications. Each end use, from Research and Development to Manufacturing and Quality Assurance, requires specific frequency capabilities to accurately test and validate RF devices and systems.
Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Regulatory and Policy Environment Analysis
The global radio frequency RF test equipment market is profoundly shaped by a complex web of international and national regulations. The International Telecommunication Union ITU establishes foundational spectrum allocation and management guidelines, which national bodies like the FCC in the US, ETSI in Europe, and ARIB in Japan then translate into specific rules. These regulations mandate stringent compliance testing for wireless devices across various technologies including 5G, Wi Fi, Bluetooth, and IoT.
Manufacturers of RF devices must adhere to strict type approval and certification processes before market entry, driving demand for accurate and compliant test equipment. Electromagnetic Compatibility EMC and Electromagnetic Interference EMI standards are crucial, requiring testing to ensure devices operate without undue interference and are robust against external fields. Evolving wireless communication standards and the proliferation of new frequency bands, such as millimeter wave and sub 6 GHz for 5G, continuously necessitate the development and deployment of advanced RF test solutions. Regional harmonization efforts, exemplified by CE marking in Europe, aim to streamline compliance but still require specialized testing capabilities to meet diverse regulatory landscapes worldwide. This dynamic regulatory environment is a primary catalyst for innovation and growth within the RF test equipment sector.
Which Emerging Technologies Are Driving New Trends in the Market?
The global radio frequency RF test equipment market is rapidly transforming, propelled by significant technological advancements. Emerging technologies such as 5G, 6G, and millimeter wave applications are driving demand for test solutions capable of handling higher frequencies, wider bandwidths, and complex beamforming scenarios. Innovations center on software defined instrumentation, offering enhanced flexibility and upgradability to adapt to evolving wireless standards like Wi Fi 7 and diverse Internet of Things protocols.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are increasingly integrated for automated test sequence generation, predictive maintenance, and optimized data analysis, boosting efficiency and accuracy. Over the air testing is critical for complex antenna systems and MIMO configurations. Cloud based platforms facilitate remote access, collaborative testing, and advanced data analytics, streamlining operations. These advancements ensure precise, efficient, and future proof testing for the dynamic RF landscape.
Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Regional Analysis
Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market
Trends, by Region
Asia-Pacific Market
Revenue Share, 2025
www.makdatainsights.com
Dominant Region
Asia Pacific · 43.8% share
Asia Pacific emerges as the dominant region in the Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market, commanding a substantial 43.8% market share. This significant lead is propelled by the region's robust electronics manufacturing sector, particularly in countries like China, South Korea, and Japan. Rapid advancements in telecommunications, including the widespread adoption of 5G technology, further fuel the demand for sophisticated RF test equipment across the region. Increasing investments in research and development for new wireless technologies and the proliferation of IoT devices also contribute to Asia Pacific's unparalleled growth. The strong presence of key market players and a competitive manufacturing landscape solidify its position as the primary driver of market expansion.
Fastest Growing Region
Asia Pacific · 9.2% CAGR
Asia Pacific stands as the fastest growing region in the global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment market, projected to expand at a robust CAGR of 9.2% from 2026 to 2035. This accelerated growth is primarily fueled by the region’s burgeoning telecommunications sector, driven by aggressive 5G infrastructure deployment and escalating demand for advanced wireless technologies. Rapid industrialization and increasing investments in research and development activities across emerging economies like China and India further propel market expansion. The proliferation of IoT devices and autonomous vehicles necessitates sophisticated RF testing solutions, directly contributing to the region's prominent growth trajectory. Moreover, supportive government initiatives promoting local manufacturing and technological innovation reinforce Asia Pacific's leading position.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitically, supply chain disruptions from trade tensions or regional conflicts impact component availability for RF test equipment, potentially increasing costs and lead times. Export controls on advanced technologies by dominant nations could restrict market access for certain companies, particularly those reliant on specialized components or software. Furthermore, heightened geopolitical competition in areas like 5G or satellite communication fuels demand for sophisticated RF test solutions to ensure performance and interoperability, creating both opportunities and challenges for market players navigating diverse national standards and regulatory landscapes.
Macroeconomically, global inflation pressures influence manufacturing costs and consumer spending on technology, impacting demand for RF test equipment across various sectors. Central bank interest rate hikes affect access to capital for research and development, potentially slowing innovation in new testing methodologies or equipment. Economic slowdowns or recessions can defer capital expenditure by telecommunications and aerospace companies, temporarily contracting the market. Conversely, government investments in digital infrastructure and defense modernization act as significant growth drivers, bolstering demand for advanced RF testing capabilities essential for these strategic initiatives.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
Keysight Technologies launched its new suite of millimeter-wave (mmWave) test solutions, designed to address the increasing demand for high-frequency testing in 5G Advanced and 6G research. This strategic product launch focuses on providing wider bandwidths and improved accuracy for future communication standards.
- September 2024
Rohde & Schwarz announced a strategic partnership with a leading automotive radar sensor manufacturer to co-develop advanced test methodologies for autonomous driving systems. This collaboration aims to create standardized and efficient testing procedures for the growing automotive RF market.
- July 2024
Anritsu introduced a next-generation vector network analyzer (VNA) with enhanced capabilities for sub-terahertz frequency measurements, targeting emerging applications in quantum computing and advanced satellite communications. This product launch expands Anritsu's portfolio into higher frequency ranges, catering to specialized research and development needs.
- November 2025
National Instruments acquired a significant stake in a specialized software company focusing on AI-driven test automation and data analytics for RF applications. This strategic acquisition aims to integrate advanced AI capabilities into NI's test platforms, enabling more efficient and intelligent RF test workflows for complex systems.
Key Players Analysis
Keysight, Rohde & Schwarz, and Anritsu dominate the RF test equipment market, leveraging advanced vector network analyzers and spectrum analyzers. Their strategic focus on 5G and IoT drives innovation in high frequency, broad bandwidth solutions. National Instruments and Viavi Solutions contribute with software-defined platforms and field-portable testers, while B&K Precision and Teledyne LeCroy offer complementary general-purpose test solutions. Their combined R&D propels market growth, addressing evolving communication standards.
List of Key Companies:
- Keysight Technologies
- B&K Precision
- Rohde & Schwarz
- Ono Sokki
- Anritsu
- Spectrum Instrumentation
- Viavi Solutions
- National Instruments
- Aeroflex
- Teledyne LeCroy
- Tektronix
- Richmond Scientific
- Test Research Inc.
- Exfo
- Advantest
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 5.8 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 10.9 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 8.7% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Frequency Range, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Frequency Range, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Frequency Range, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Frequency Range, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Frequency Range, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Frequency Range, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Radio Frequency RF Test Equipment Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035