Global Modular Building Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By End Use (Healthcare, Education, Retail, Hospitality), By Material (Wood, Steel, Concrete, Hybrid), By Construction Method (Permanent Modular Construction, Relocatable Modular Construction), By Building Type (Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Institutional), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Modular Building Market is projected to grow from USD 142.1 Billion in 2025 to USD 275.8 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 6.8% from 2026 through 2035. This market encompasses the design, manufacture, and construction of pre-engineered, factory-built sections or modules that are then transported and assembled on-site to form complete buildings. The modular building approach offers significant advantages over traditional construction methods, including reduced construction time, enhanced quality control due to factory environments, minimized on-site disruption, and improved cost predictability. Key market drivers include the increasing demand for affordable housing, particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas, and the growing emphasis on sustainable and green building practices. Modular construction inherently reduces waste and allows for better material management, aligning with environmental objectives. Furthermore, the persistent shortage of skilled labor in the traditional construction sector is pushing developers towards modular solutions that require less on-site expertise and can be erected more quickly. Technological advancements in design software, robotics, and automation within manufacturing facilities are also propelling market expansion, enabling greater customization and efficiency.
Global Modular Building Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035
2025 - 2035
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Important trends shaping the modular building market include the rising adoption of Building Information Modeling (BIM) for enhanced design coordination and project management, and the integration of smart home technologies and IoT solutions into modular units, particularly in residential and hospitality sectors. There is also a notable shift towards higher value-added applications, such as healthcare facilities, data centers, and advanced manufacturing plants, moving beyond the traditional temporary office space. Market restraints, however, include initial capital investment costs for factory setup, logistical challenges associated with transporting large modules, and perceptions surrounding the aesthetic limitations or durability of modular structures, although these are being actively addressed by industry innovation. Regulatory hurdles and varying building codes across different regions can also complicate market entry and expansion for modular builders. Despite these challenges, significant opportunities lie in expanding into emerging economies with substantial infrastructure deficits and in collaborating with governments on large-scale public housing and infrastructure projects. The increasing demand for disaster relief housing and temporary accommodation also presents a niche but growing opportunity for rapid deployment modular solutions.
Asia Pacific stands out as the dominant region in the global modular building market, driven by rapid urbanization, substantial government investments in infrastructure development, and a burgeoning population demanding quick and cost-effective construction solutions. Countries like China and India are at the forefront of adopting modular techniques to address their housing shortages and build out new commercial and industrial zones efficiently. The region is also the fastest growing, experiencing exponential growth due to ongoing industrialization, significant foreign direct investment in manufacturing and logistics facilities, and a proactive embrace of modern construction methodologies to meet ambitious development targets. Key players like Bouygues Construction, Kiewit, and Lendlease are implementing strategies focused on expanding their manufacturing capabilities, investing in research and development for new materials and construction techniques, and forming strategic partnerships to penetrate new geographical markets and secure large-scale contracts. Z Modular, Guerdon Enterprises, and Modular Engineering Company, among others, are specializing in specific modular niches, offering customized solutions and leveraging economies of scale. Turner Construction and Skanska are integrating modular approaches into their broader construction portfolios, recognizing the efficiency and sustainability benefits.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 142.1 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 275.8 BillionLeading Segment:
Permanent Modular Construction (64.2% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
Asia Pacific (45.2% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
6.8%
What is Modular Building?
Modular building involves fabricating individual sections called modules in an offsite factory. These pre-engineered, three dimensional units are then transported to the construction site and assembled to create a complete structure. This process emphasizes concurrent construction, where site preparation occurs simultaneously with module manufacturing. Benefits include enhanced quality control in a controlled environment, reduced waste, and faster project completion compared to traditional construction. Applications span various sectors including residential, commercial, healthcare, and educational facilities, offering a scalable and efficient alternative for diverse building needs. The method promotes predictability and minimizes on-site disruption.
What are the Trends in Global Modular Building Market
Sustainable Prefabrication EcoFocus
Digital Twin Integration SmartConstruction
Robotics Automation Manufacturing Surge
Mass Customization Modular Design Flex
Urban Infill MicroHousing Solutions
Sustainable Prefabrication EcoFocus
Sustainable prefabrication, driven by an acute ecological focus, is a defining trend in the global modular building market. This approach prioritizes environmentally responsible practices throughout the entire building lifecycle, from design and material sourcing to construction and end-of-life. Key aspects include the use of recycled, renewable, and locally sourced materials with low embodied carbon. Emphasis is placed on minimizing waste generation in factories through optimized processes and material reuse. Energy efficiency is paramount, achieved through advanced insulation, airtight building envelopes, and passive design strategies. Water conservation is also integrated, utilizing greywater recycling and low flow fixtures. Builders are increasingly adopting certifications like LEED or BREEAM, signaling a commitment to green building standards. This eco focus appeals to environmentally conscious clients and addresses stricter environmental regulations globally.
Digital Twin Integration SmartConstruction
Digital Twin integration is revolutionizing the Global Modular Building Market by creating virtual replicas of physical construction projects. This trend involves generating precise digital models of modular buildings and their components, accessible from planning through operation. These twins incorporate real time data from sensors on site, monitoring factors like structural integrity, energy performance, and material flow. Project managers utilize this comprehensive digital information to simulate various construction scenarios, identify potential clashes, and optimize logistics before physical work begins. During assembly, the twin tracks progress, flagging deviations from the plan and ensuring quality control. Post construction, it continues to monitor building performance, enabling proactive maintenance and efficient facility management. This integration significantly improves decision making, reduces waste, accelerates project timelines, and enhances the overall efficiency and sustainability of modular building projects globally.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Modular Building Market
Rising Demand for Cost-Effective and Time-Efficient Construction
Increasing Adoption of Sustainable and Green Building Practices
Technological Advancements in Modular Design and Manufacturing
Addressing Labor Shortages and Enhancing Construction Safety
Government Initiatives and Investments in Infrastructure Development
Rising Demand for Cost-Effective and Time-Efficient Construction
The global modular building market is experiencing a significant uplift driven by the urgent need for construction solutions that are both economical and fast. Traditional construction methods often entail lengthy project timelines and substantial material and labor costs. In contrast, modular construction offers a compelling alternative by fabricating building modules off site in controlled factory environments. This prefabrication process drastically reduces on site construction time minimizing disruptions and accelerating project completion. Furthermore the efficiency inherent in factory production leads to less material waste and optimized labor utilization translating into lower overall project expenses. Businesses and governments worldwide are increasingly recognizing these benefits opting for modular solutions to meet pressing housing commercial and infrastructure demands quickly and within budget. This rising preference for cost efficient and time saving construction practices is a key factor fueling the expansion of the modular building market.
Increasing Adoption of Sustainable and Green Building Practices
The surging global focus on environmental stewardship significantly propels the modular building market. As industries increasingly prioritize sustainable development and combat climate change, traditional construction methods face scrutiny for their substantial waste generation, high energy consumption, and considerable carbon footprint. Modular construction inherently offers a compelling green alternative. Its offsite fabrication minimizes material waste through precision engineering and allows for greater recycling of materials. Furthermore, the controlled factory environment enables energy efficient production processes. Buildings constructed using modular techniques are often designed with sustainability in mind, incorporating features like superior insulation, renewable energy systems, and efficient water management from the outset. This inherent alignment with green building principles and the pursuit of certifications like LEED drives architects, developers, and governments to favor modular solutions, seeing them as a quicker, more cost effective, and environmentally responsible path to building.
Technological Advancements in Modular Design and Manufacturing
Technological advancements are profoundly shaping the global modular building market. Innovations in design software allow for increasingly complex and customizable modules, optimizing space and functionality. Digital fabrication techniques, like robotic assembly and 3D printing, enhance precision, reduce waste, and accelerate production cycles. Furthermore, new material science introduces lighter, stronger, and more sustainable components for modular construction. These advancements collectively lead to higher quality modules, improved structural integrity, and greater design flexibility. This integration of cutting edge technology streamlines the entire construction process, from initial concept to final installation, making modular solutions more efficient, cost effective, and appealing across diverse sectors.
Global Modular Building Market Restraints
Lack of Standardized Building Codes Slows Global Adoption
The absence of uniform building codes significantly impedes the global expansion of modular construction. Currently, each country, and often individual regions within them, maintains its own distinct set of regulations concerning building materials, structural integrity, fire safety, and environmental performance. This fragmentation forces modular manufacturers to adapt their designs and production processes for every new market they enter. Developing country-specific module variations, obtaining multiple certifications, and navigating diverse approval systems adds considerable complexity, cost, and time to projects. Consequently, the scalability and efficiency benefits inherent in modular construction are diminished. This lack of standardization limits the ability to mass produce modules for international distribution, hindering market penetration and slowing widespread adoption across continents. Harmonized global standards would streamline design, manufacturing, and regulatory approval, unlocking greater efficiency and accelerating market growth.
High Initial Capital Investment Deters Broad Market Entry
Significant upfront costs represent a substantial barrier for new entrants and even existing players looking to expand within the global modular building market. Establishing a high capacity manufacturing facility, a prerequisite for efficient modular construction, demands considerable capital outlay for land acquisition, specialized machinery, and skilled labor. Furthermore, developing a robust supply chain network capable of sourcing materials consistently and cost effectively adds another layer of financial commitment. These extensive initial investments create a formidable hurdle, limiting the number of companies willing or able to participate, thereby hindering broader market competition and innovation. This financial constraint favors well established firms with deeper pockets, making it difficult for smaller, potentially disruptive companies to gain traction.
Global Modular Building Market Opportunities
Capitalizing on Speed & Sustainability: The Global Modular Building Growth Opportunity
The global modular building market offers a compelling opportunity by masterfully merging construction speed with robust sustainability practices. This unique combination addresses critical global needs, positioning businesses to thrive. Modular construction significantly accelerates project delivery, enabling rapid deployment of essential infrastructure, housing, and commercial spaces. This efficiency is particularly advantageous in dynamic, quickly expanding regions like Asia Pacific, where swift development is paramount. Furthermore, the inherent nature of offsite fabrication dramatically reduces material waste, improves energy efficiency, and minimizes environmental impact, aligning perfectly with increasing ecological mandates and consumer preferences for green solutions. The opportunity lies in providing innovative, high quality, and scalable modular systems that meet accelerated timelines while simultaneously achieving superior environmental performance. This dual advantage allows companies to lead in an evolving market, satisfying immediate development pressures and long term ecological responsibilities. Capitalizing on these twin pillars ensures substantial growth and establishes market dominance through responsive, responsible building solutions globally.
Modular Construction: A Strategic Solution for Labor Shortages & Cost-Efficient Expansion
Modular construction presents a significant opportunity by directly tackling widespread labor shortages and the pressing need for cost efficient expansion. As traditional construction struggles with an aging workforce and scarcity of skilled trades, modular building offers a factory based solution. This approach optimizes labor use, shifting much of the work to controlled environments, which enhances safety and productivity.
Furthermore, modular methods drive substantial cost efficiencies. Through industrialized production, projects benefit from economies of scale, reduced material waste, and predictable timelines. This accelerated delivery significantly cuts overall project costs and allows for quicker operational startup. For businesses and governments seeking rapid, scalable, and economical development across sectors like housing, healthcare, and education, modular construction provides a strategic, sustainable, and powerful growth vehicle. It enables rapid deployment of high quality infrastructure with fewer onsite personnel, making it an indispensable solution for future expansion needs.
Global Modular Building Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Building Type
- •Residential
- •Commercial
- •Industrial
- •Institutional
By Construction Method
- •Permanent Modular Construction
- •Relocatable Modular Construction
By Material
- •Wood
- •Steel
- •Concrete
- •Hybrid
By End Use
- •Healthcare
- •Education
- •Retail
- •Hospitality
Segment Share By Building Type
Share, By Building Type, 2025 (%)
- Residential
- Commercial
- Industrial
- Institutional
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Why is Permanent Modular Construction dominating the Global Modular Building Market?
Permanent Modular Construction holds the largest share due to its inherent advantages in delivering durable, long lasting structures with greater efficiency. This method allows for a significant portion of construction to occur offsite in controlled factory environments, leading to superior quality control, reduced construction timelines, and minimized onsite disruption. It is increasingly favored for residential, commercial, and institutional projects seeking accelerated occupancy, sustainability benefits, and predictable project outcomes, driving its widespread adoption across diverse applications.
Which building types are significantly contributing to the modular building market's expansion?
The residential and commercial building types are major contributors to the market's growth. Residential modular solutions offer rapid deployment for housing, addressing affordability and speed requirements. Commercial applications benefit from quicker project completion, allowing businesses to operate sooner, especially visible in retail and hospitality sectors. Additionally, industrial and institutional segments leverage modularity for specialized facilities and temporary or permanent expansions, driven by demands for efficiency and flexibility in construction.
How do various material types influence the adoption of modular building solutions?
The choice of material significantly impacts the design, structural integrity, and application of modular buildings. Steel is highly valued for its strength, durability, and ability to create multi story structures, making it prevalent in commercial and industrial projects. Wood offers a sustainable and cost effective option, particularly popular in residential and educational buildings due to its natural insulation properties and lighter footprint. Concrete provides excellent fire resistance and soundproofing for certain applications, while hybrid solutions combine the benefits of different materials to meet specific project requirements for various end uses.
What Regulatory and Policy Factors Shape the Global Modular Building Market
The global modular building market operates within a highly fragmented regulatory and policy environment. Building codes and standards vary significantly across countries and even within regions, creating complexities for scalability and international project delivery. Many jurisdictions are gradually updating codes to explicitly recognize and facilitate offsite construction, moving beyond adapting traditional onsite regulations. Permitting processes are slowly evolving, with some governments introducing expedited pathways for prefabricated structures, particularly in affordable housing and emergency relief initiatives.
Policy drivers supporting modular adoption include sustainability mandates emphasizing reduced construction waste and energy efficiency, areas where modular excels. Government procurement strategies are increasingly specifying modern methods of construction to meet housing targets and infrastructure demands efficiently. Furthermore, initiatives promoting digitalization in construction and fostering innovation often align with modular building principles, encouraging its wider acceptance and integration into national development plans. Harmonization remains a key challenge and opportunity.
What New Technologies are Shaping Global Modular Building Market?
The global modular building market is undergoing a profound evolution, propelled by strategic innovations and emerging technologies. Advanced material science is introducing lightweight, high performance composites and smart, sustainable materials, significantly enhancing the structural integrity and environmental footprint of modular units. Digitalization stands at the forefront, with artificial intelligence streamlining design optimization and project planning, while Building Information Modeling ensures seamless integration from concept to completion. Robotics are increasingly automating manufacturing processes, delivering unparalleled precision, efficiency, and speed in module fabrication. Furthermore, the integration of Internet of Things sensors is creating intelligent, connected modular buildings, offering advanced control and superior user experiences. 3D printing is also emerging as a transformative technology, enabling complex component fabrication and reducing material waste. These combined advancements are drastically improving construction timelines, elevating quality standards, reducing labor costs, and reinforcing the market's commitment to sustainability and efficiency.
Global Modular Building Market Regional Analysis
Global Modular Building Market
Trends, by Region
Asia-Pacific Market
Revenue Share, 2025
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Dominant Region
Asia Pacific · 45.2% share
Asia Pacific stands as the dominant region in the global modular building market, commanding an impressive 45.2% market share. This leadership is primarily fueled by rapid urbanization and infrastructure development across the region. Countries like China and India are experiencing significant construction booms, driving demand for efficient and time saving building solutions. Government initiatives supporting affordable housing and sustainable construction practices further boost market growth. The region's embrace of prefabrication and modular construction techniques, driven by labor shortages and a need for faster project completion, solidifies its leading position. Strong economic growth and increasing investment in both residential and commercial sectors also contribute to Asia Pacific's significant market presence.
Fastest Growing Region
Asia Pacific · 9.2% CAGR
Asia Pacific emerges as the fastest growing region in the global modular building market, projected to expand at a robust CAGR of 9.2% from 2026 to 2035. This accelerated growth is primarily fueled by rapid urbanization and significant infrastructure development across emerging economies like India, China, and Southeast Asian nations. Increasing populations and a rising demand for affordable housing solutions are driving the adoption of modular construction techniques, which offer speed, cost efficiency, and quality control. Government initiatives promoting sustainable building practices and investments in smart city projects further bolster market expansion. The region's focus on industrialization and a growing preference for offsite construction methods contribute substantially to this impressive growth trajectory.
Top Countries Overview
The U.S. is a major driver in the global modular building market, fueled by labor shortages, construction demand, and sustainability goals. It represents a substantial portion of the market, exhibiting robust growth across residential, commercial, and healthcare sectors. The country's strong economy and established manufacturing base provide fertile ground for expanding modular construction adoption and innovation, positioning it as a key market leader.
China dominates the global modular building market, driven by rapid urbanization and infrastructure development. Domestic demand for residential and commercial structures fuels innovation. Chinese companies are also major exporters, providing affordable, high-quality prefabricated components and full modular solutions worldwide, particularly in developing nations. Their competitive pricing and efficient manufacturing processes solidify their strong international market position.
India's modular building market is nascent but shows immense growth potential, driven by rapid urbanization and infrastructure development. Globally, India is a growing consumer and potential exporter of modular components, with rising demand for faster, cost-effective, and sustainable construction solutions across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. Government initiatives promoting affordable housing and smart cities further bolster this expansion.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitical stability fosters market expansion for modular buildings, particularly in reconstruction zones post conflict or disaster. Shifting global supply chains, influenced by geopolitical realignments, can impact material costs and delivery timelines. Trade agreements and tariffs directly affect the competitiveness of manufacturers and the affordability of imports, potentially favoring domestic production or specific regional hubs. Regulatory environments, including building codes and green initiatives, vary significantly across nations, impacting market penetration and product specifications. Geopolitical tensions can also divert government spending away from infrastructure, dampening demand in certain regions.
Macroeconomic factors like interest rates significantly influence construction financing and investment decisions, impacting project viability. Inflation directly affects material and labor costs, squeezing profit margins for manufacturers and potentially raising end user prices. Economic growth spurs demand for new housing, commercial, and industrial facilities, driving market expansion. Conversely, recessions lead to project deferrals and reduced consumer spending. Labor availability and skill sets within local economies are crucial for on site assembly and factory operations, with shortages potentially limiting growth. Access to capital for both manufacturers and developers is paramount for market scaling.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
Lendlease announced a strategic partnership with a leading sustainable materials supplier to integrate advanced eco-friendly components into its modular construction projects. This initiative aims to reduce the carbon footprint of its buildings and enhance energy efficiency across its global portfolio.
- February 2025
Z Modular launched a new line of high-rise modular solutions designed for urban residential and commercial developments. These innovative modules feature advanced acoustic insulation and expedited assembly processes, catering to the increasing demand for rapid and efficient construction in dense urban areas.
- January 2025
Bouygues Construction acquired a significant stake in a specialized modular bathroom pod manufacturer based in Europe. This acquisition strengthens Bouygues' in-house modular capabilities, allowing for greater control over the supply chain and faster delivery of key building components.
- November 2024
Skanska initiated a strategic pilot program in North America to deploy AI-driven robotics for modular assembly within its factories. This program aims to significantly improve precision, reduce labor costs, and accelerate the production timelines for complex modular units.
- October 2024
Kiewit announced a partnership with a prominent academic institution to research and develop next-generation structural materials for modular construction. This collaboration seeks to enhance the durability and resilience of modular buildings in extreme weather conditions, expanding their application in challenging environments.
Key Players Analysis
Key players in the global modular building market demonstrate diverse strengths driving innovation and expansion. Bouygues Construction and Lendlease are dominant, leveraging advanced prefabrication techniques and digital construction for large scale residential and commercial projects. Kiewit and Skanska are integrating modular solutions into complex infrastructure and commercial developments, often employing BIM and robotics to enhance precision and speed. Z Modular and Guerdon Enterprises specialize in manufacturing efficiency and custom designs, pushing the boundaries of material science and automated assembly. Balfour Beatty and Laing O'Rourke focus on sustainable modular solutions and offsite manufacturing to address labor shortages and environmental concerns. Turner Construction and Modular Engineering Company emphasize rapid deployment and cost effective modular systems for various sectors. Strategic initiatives across these companies include investing in R&D for new materials, expanding factory capacities, and forging partnerships to capture growing demand for efficient, sustainable, and high quality construction solutions globally.
List of Key Companies:
- Bouygues Construction
- Kiewit
- Lendlease
- Z Modular
- Guerdon Enterprises
- Balfour Beatty
- Laing O'Rourke
- Modular Engineering Company
- Turner Construction
- Skanska
- Factory OS
- Red Sea International
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 142.1 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 275.8 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 6.8% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Building Type, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Construction Method, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Building Type, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Construction Method, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Building Type, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Construction Method, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Building Type, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Construction Method, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Building Type, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Construction Method, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Building Type, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Construction Method, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Modular Building Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035