Global Isoflurane API Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By Formulation (Liquid, Gas, Solid), By Distribution Channel (Direct Sales, Distributors, Online Sales), By End Use (Hospitals, Ambulatory Surgical Centers, Other Healthcare Facilities), By Application (Anesthesia, Sedation, Emergency Medicine), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Isoflurane API Market is projected to grow from USD 0.28 Billion in 2025 to USD 0.41 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 4.2% from 2026 through 2035. The market encompasses the active pharmaceutical ingredient used in the production of isoflurane, a widely utilized inhalational anesthetic. This volatile liquid is crucial in inducing and maintaining general anesthesia across various surgical procedures. A key driver for this market is the increasing volume of surgeries globally, fueled by an aging population, rising prevalence of chronic diseases requiring surgical intervention, and improved access to healthcare facilities in emerging economies. The inherent advantages of isoflurane, such as its rapid onset and recovery, good hemodynamic stability, and cost-effectiveness compared to some newer anesthetics, continue to solidify its position in clinical practice. Furthermore, technological advancements in anesthetic delivery systems and monitoring equipment, enhancing the safe and efficient administration of isoflurane, also contribute to market expansion. However, the market faces restraints such as the potential for adverse effects like respiratory depression and cardiac arrhythmias, leading to the development and adoption of alternative anesthetic agents. Stringent regulatory approval processes for new API manufacturers and the mature nature of the product itself can also hinder rapid growth.
Global Isoflurane API Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035
2025 - 2035
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Important trends shaping the isoflurane API market include a growing emphasis on patient safety, driving innovation in drug purity and quality among API manufacturers. There is also a notable trend towards consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry, impacting the supply chain and competitive landscape for API suppliers. Opportunities for market players lie in expanding into underserved markets, particularly in regions with developing healthcare infrastructure and a high unmet need for surgical services. Additionally, exploring new formulations or combination therapies that could enhance the safety or efficacy of isoflurane could present significant growth avenues. The market segmentation covers various dimensions including application, formulation, end-use, and distribution channel, illustrating the diverse pathways through which isoflurane API reaches its end-users. The Anesthesia segment dominates the market, underscoring its primary and most significant application.
North America stands as the dominant region in the global isoflurane API market, primarily due to well-established healthcare infrastructure, high healthcare expenditure, significant number of surgical procedures, and the presence of key pharmaceutical companies and research institutions. The region’s advanced regulatory framework also ensures high-quality API production and supply. Conversely, Asia Pacific emerges as the fastest-growing region, driven by rapidly improving healthcare access, increasing disposable incomes, a burgeoning medical tourism sector, and a large patient pool. Governments in countries within this region are also increasing healthcare spending, leading to the expansion of hospitals and surgical facilities. Key players in this competitive landscape include Lunan Pharmaceutical, AbbVie, Fresenius Kabi, Tianjin Kingyork Group, Jubilant Life Sciences, Stallergenes Greer, Wockhardt, Sevipharm, Shaanxi Hanjiang Pharmaceutical, and Mylan. These companies employ various strategies such as strategic partnerships, mergers and acquisitions, geographical expansion, and focus on research and development to maintain their market position and capture new opportunities. Their efforts are crucial in ensuring a consistent and high-quality supply of isoflurane API to meet global demand.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 0.28 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 0.41 BillionLeading Segment:
Anesthesia (89.4% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
North America (38.2% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
4.2%
What is Isoflurane API?
Isoflurane API refers to the active pharmaceutical ingredient, isoflurane, in its raw, unformulated state. It is a halogenated ether used as an inhalation anesthetic for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia. The API is a colorless, nonflammable liquid with a slightly pungent ethereal odor. Its significance lies in being the pure chemical compound responsible for the drug’s pharmacological effects. Manufacturers of the final drug product purchase or produce this API, then formulate it into the inhalable liquid administered to patients. This ensures a standardized, potent, and safe source of the active drug for pharmaceutical production.
What are the Trends in Global Isoflurane API Market
Sustainable Synthesis Pathways for Isoflurane
Rise of Contract Manufacturing for Isoflurane API
Digital Transformation in Isoflurane Supply Chain
Novel Formulations Driving Isoflurane Demand
Regional Production Shifts for Isoflurane Purity
Sustainable Synthesis Pathways for Isoflurane
The pharmaceutical industry is actively seeking greener alternatives for isoflurane synthesis. Traditional production involves hazardous chemicals and generates significant waste, driving demand for sustainable pathways. This trend reflects a global shift towards environmentally conscious manufacturing practices. Researchers are exploring enzyme catalyzed reactions and fermentation based methods to reduce reliance on petrochemicals and minimize the environmental footprint. These innovative approaches aim to develop more efficient, less toxic, and resource friendly production routes for isoflurane. The focus is on designing processes that improve atom economy, utilize renewable feedstocks, and integrate waste valorization strategies. This not only addresses environmental concerns but also enhances supply chain resilience and meets the growing demand for responsibly sourced pharmaceuticals.
Rise of Contract Manufacturing for Isoflurane API
The global isoflurane API market is witnessing a significant shift towards contract manufacturing. Pharmaceutical companies are increasingly outsourcing isoflurane API production to specialized contract development and manufacturing organizations CDMOs. This trend is driven by several factors. CDMOs offer substantial cost efficiencies through economies of scale and optimized production processes, reducing capital expenditure for drug manufacturers. They also provide access to advanced technologies and specialized expertise in complex chemical synthesis, ensuring high quality and regulatory compliance. Furthermore, outsourcing allows pharmaceutical companies to focus on their core competencies like research and development and marketing, while CDMOs handle manufacturing complexities. This flexibility enables quicker market entry and adaptability to fluctuating demand, streamlining the supply chain for isoflurane API.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Isoflurane API Market
Rising Demand for Surgical Procedures and Anesthesia
Increasing Incidence of Chronic Diseases Requiring Surgery
Technological Advancements in Anesthesia Delivery Systems
Growing Geriatric Population Undergoing Surgical Interventions
Expansion of Healthcare Infrastructure and Facilities Globally
Rising Demand for Surgical Procedures and Anesthesia
A key driver in the global isoflurane API market is the escalating need for surgical procedures and anesthesia worldwide. This surge stems from several factors including the growing prevalence of chronic diseases requiring surgical intervention, an aging global population more susceptible to various medical conditions, and improvements in healthcare infrastructure making these procedures more accessible. As medical advancements continue and access to quality healthcare expands, more individuals are undergoing operations ranging from minor surgeries to complex procedures. Each of these interventions necessitates effective anesthetic agents like isoflurane to ensure patient comfort and safety. This sustained and increasing demand for surgical services directly translates into a higher consumption of anesthetic APIs, thereby fueling the growth of the isoflurane API market.
Increasing Incidence of Chronic Diseases Requiring Surgery
The rising prevalence of chronic conditions like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes significantly fuels demand in the global Isoflurane API market. As populations age and lifestyles change, more individuals are developing these long term illnesses. Many of these chronic diseases progress to a stage where surgical intervention becomes a necessary treatment option. For example, heart disease often requires bypass surgery, various cancers necessitate tumor removal, and severe diabetes complications can lead to amputations. Isoflurane, as a commonly used inhalation anesthetic, is essential for facilitating these numerous surgical procedures. The increasing volume of surgeries driven by the growing burden of chronic diseases directly translates into higher consumption of Isoflurane API globally, thereby serving as a robust market driver.
Technological Advancements in Anesthesia Delivery Systems
Technological advancements in anesthesia delivery systems are a significant driver in the global isoflurane API market. Innovations in vaporizers, patient monitoring devices, and ventilation equipment enhance the safety, precision, and efficiency of anesthetic administration. Modern anesthesia machines offer more controlled and accurate delivery of volatile agents like isoflurane, optimizing patient outcomes and reducing drug waste. These advancements lead to a higher demand for quality isoflurane API as healthcare facilities upgrade their equipment and seek reliable, high performance anesthetics to complement these sophisticated systems. Improved drug delivery also expands the scope of surgical procedures possible, further increasing the need for isoflurane. This continuous evolution in technology directly supports and stimulates growth in the isoflurane API market.
Global Isoflurane API Market Restraints
Stringent Regulatory Hurdles for New API Entrants
New entrants in the global Isoflurane API market face significant challenges due to stringent regulatory hurdles. Developing a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient like Isoflurane requires extensive preclinical and clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy. This process is time consuming and incredibly expensive, often taking many years and millions of dollars. Manufacturers must adhere to Good Manufacturing Practices GMP ensuring product quality and consistency. Gaining approval from health authorities such as the FDA in the United States or EMA in Europe involves submitting comprehensive data packages and undergoing rigorous inspections. Furthermore, post market surveillance requirements add continuous compliance burdens. These high entry barriers deter new companies, favoring established players with existing infrastructure and regulatory expertise.
Threat of Generic Competition and Price Erosion
The global isoflurane API market faces a significant restraint from the threat of generic competition and subsequent price erosion. As the patent protection for innovator isoflurane formulations expires or has already expired, more pharmaceutical manufacturers are able to produce and offer generic versions of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. These generic offerings, while chemically equivalent, are typically sold at substantially lower prices than branded products. This influx of lower priced generics intensifies competition among API suppliers. Existing manufacturers are then pressured to reduce their own prices to remain competitive and retain market share. This downward pressure on pricing directly impacts revenue and profitability for all players in the isoflurane API supply chain, hindering overall market growth and investment.
Global Isoflurane API Market Opportunities
Untapped Growth in Emerging Markets: The Rising Demand for Cost-Effective Isoflurane API
Emerging markets, particularly across the Asia Pacific region, present a monumental untapped growth opportunity for Isoflurane API. Rapid expansion of healthcare infrastructure and increasing access to medical services in these developing economies are fueling a significant rise in surgical volumes. This directly translates into an escalating need for general anesthetics like Isoflurane.
A crucial differentiator in these cost-sensitive markets is affordability. The demand is not just for Isoflurane API, but specifically for cost-effective solutions that align with regional healthcare budgets and patient purchasing power. Manufacturers who can supply high-quality, competitively priced Isoflurane API will be uniquely positioned to capture this burgeoning market share.
This opportunity involves strategic investment in efficient production, localized distribution networks, and strong relationships with regional pharmaceutical companies. By addressing the specific requirement for economical yet effective anesthetic ingredients, businesses can significantly expand their global footprint, contribute to improving healthcare access, and unlock substantial, sustained revenue growth from a previously underserved population. The sheer scale of unmet demand underscores the immense potential.
Supply Chain Optimization: Opportunities in Regional Sourcing and Resilient Isoflurane API Manufacturing
The global Isoflurane API market offers a compelling opportunity through optimizing supply chains via regional sourcing and resilient manufacturing. Traditional extensive supply routes are susceptible to disruptions from geopolitical events, natural disasters, or logistical bottlenecks. By strategically shifting production and procurement closer to high growth markets, such as Asia Pacific, companies can significantly fortify their supply chain integrity.
This regional focus enhances operational efficiency by reducing lead times and transportation expenses. More critically, establishing localized, resilient Isoflurane API manufacturing capabilities ensures a consistent and uninterrupted supply of this vital anesthetic. This approach mitigates the risk of shortages, crucial for patient safety and healthcare stability worldwide. Companies gain a competitive advantage by responding faster to regional demand fluctuations and fostering stronger local partnerships. Building a decentralized yet robust manufacturing network transforms vulnerabilities into strategic strengths, ensuring sustainable access to Isoflurane API amidst global uncertainties.
Global Isoflurane API Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Application
- •Anesthesia
- •Sedation
- •Emergency Medicine
By Formulation
- •Liquid
- •Gas
- •Solid
By End Use
- •Hospitals
- •Ambulatory Surgical Centers
- •Other Healthcare Facilities
By Distribution Channel
- •Direct Sales
- •Distributors
- •Online Sales
Segment Share By Application
Share, By Application, 2025 (%)
- Anesthesia
- Sedation
- Emergency Medicine
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Why is Anesthesia dominating the Global Isoflurane API Market?
Isoflurane is primarily utilized as a potent inhaled anesthetic, making its active pharmaceutical ingredient indispensable for general anesthesia across surgical settings worldwide. Its long established efficacy and safety record in inducing and maintaining unconsciousness during medical procedures drive substantial demand. The high volume of surgical operations performed annually, from complex to routine, directly underpins the dominant share held by the Anesthesia application segment.
Which formulation type is most prevalent for Isoflurane API derived products?
The vast majority of isoflurane API is formulated into liquid preparations, which are then vaporized for patient inhalation during anesthesia. This reflects the compound's inherent physical state and its intended delivery mechanism as an inhaled anesthetic. The established medical practices and device compatibility with liquid formulations ensure that this segment remains the fundamental form for isoflurane based anesthetic agents.
How do hospitals influence the demand for Isoflurane API?
Hospitals represent the most significant end use segment for isoflurane API, acting as the primary point of consumption. Their extensive surgical departments, critical care units, and emergency services necessitate a continuous and substantial supply of anesthetic agents. The broad range of medical procedures performed within hospital settings, from planned operations to urgent interventions, solidifies their position as the leading driver of demand for isoflurane API globally.
What Regulatory and Policy Factors Shape the Global Isoflurane API Market
The global isoflurane API market is subject to rigorous regulatory scrutiny, ensuring product quality and patient safety worldwide. Key health authorities, including the US Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and Japan's Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, enforce strict Good Manufacturing Practices GMP. API manufacturers must adhere to pharmacopoeial standards like USP and EP, demonstrating purity and potency. Drug Master Files or Active Substance Master Files are critical submissions, providing confidential manufacturing details to support finished drug product registrations. These filings necessitate comprehensive quality control, facility inspections, and robust supply chain management. Regulatory trends emphasize increased transparency, traceability, and stringent impurity profiling. Compliance with these diverse national and international guidelines is paramount for market access and sustained operations, influencing manufacturing processes, sourcing strategies, and distribution networks.
What New Technologies are Shaping Global Isoflurane API Market?
The Global Isoflurane API Market is seeing innovation driven by advancements in synthetic chemistry and purification techniques. Emerging technologies are poised to enhance manufacturing efficiency and product quality significantly. Continuous flow chemistry, for instance, offers more precise control over reaction parameters, leading to higher yields and reduced waste in API production. This promises a greener, more cost effective synthesis for isoflurane.
Further advancements include novel crystallization methods and advanced analytical techniques, ensuring ultra high purity and consistent batch quality, crucial for patient safety in inhaled anesthetics. Digitalization and AI machine learning algorithms are also being explored to optimize process parameters, predict potential impurities, and streamline regulatory compliance. These innovations contribute to a more robust and sustainable supply chain, meeting growing global demand for this essential anesthetic.
Global Isoflurane API Market Regional Analysis
Global Isoflurane API Market
Trends, by Region
North America Market
Revenue Share, 2025
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Dominant Region
North America · 38.2% share
North America stands as the dominant region in the global Isoflurane API market, capturing a significant 38.2% market share. This leadership is primarily driven by the region's highly developed healthcare infrastructure and advanced pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities. The United States, in particular, plays a pivotal role with its robust regulatory framework that ensures high quality API production and strong research and development investments. A high prevalence of surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia further fuels demand for Isoflurane API across hospitals and clinics. Furthermore, the presence of major pharmaceutical companies and contract manufacturing organizations specializing in API synthesis contributes significantly to North America's stronghold, making it a key hub for innovation and supply in this critical anesthetic ingredient market.
Fastest Growing Region
Asia Pacific · 7.9% CAGR
Asia Pacific stands out as the fastest growing region in the Global Isoflurane API Market with a robust CAGR of 7.9% from 2026 to 2035. This accelerated expansion is primarily driven by surging healthcare expenditures and improving healthcare infrastructure across developing economies like India and China. A growing patient pool requiring surgical procedures where isoflurane is a key anesthetic is fueling demand. Furthermore increasing awareness about advanced medical treatments and a rise in medical tourism contribute significantly. Local API manufacturers are also scaling up production to cater to both domestic and international markets taking advantage of cost efficiencies and readily available raw materials. This confluence of factors positions Asia Pacific for sustained rapid growth in the coming decade.
Top Countries Overview
The U.S. plays a significant role in the global isoflurane API market, albeit not as a primary manufacturer. Instead, it acts as a major consumer and importer, with its pharmaceutical companies relying heavily on international suppliers, particularly from China and India. Stringent quality control and regulatory standards in the U.S. influence the global supply chain, driving demand for high-purity, compliant APIs. While direct production is limited, U.S.-based research and development contribute to quality standards and potential future innovations in the anesthetic API space.
China dominates the global isoflurane API market, being the primary producer and exporter. Its robust chemical manufacturing infrastructure and competitive pricing give it a significant edge. This strategic position allows China to heavily influence global supply and pricing dynamics, making it indispensable for pharmaceutical companies worldwide requiring this crucial API.
India is a pivotal force in the global isoflurane API market, leveraging its robust pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities and competitive pricing. It stands as a significant exporter, meeting international demand while grappling with evolving regulatory landscapes and the need for continuous technological upgrades. Indian manufacturers are key players in ensuring a stable global supply chain for this vital anesthetic.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitically, the Isoflurane API market is vulnerable to supply chain disruptions from major manufacturing hubs, primarily China and India. Trade tensions or regional conflicts could trigger export restrictions or port closures, severely impacting global supply and potentially driving up prices. Furthermore, geopolitical alignments influence regulatory harmonization or divergence, affecting market access and product registration across different regions. Reliance on specific countries for key raw materials also creates single point of failure risks.
Macroecomically, global economic downturns or recessions could reduce healthcare spending, thereby impacting demand for Isoflurane, particularly in elective surgeries. Currency fluctuations pose significant risks for manufacturers and importers, affecting profitability and pricing strategies. Inflationary pressures on raw materials and energy costs will likely increase production expenses, which could be passed on to consumers. Government healthcare policies, including drug pricing controls and reimbursement schemes, also directly influence market growth and manufacturer revenue streams.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
Lunan Pharmaceutical announced a strategic initiative to expand its Isoflurane API production capacity by 20% to meet rising global demand. This expansion aims to solidify its position as a leading supplier in the Asia-Pacific region and beyond.
- June 2025
Jubilant Life Sciences launched a new, advanced manufacturing facility dedicated to Isoflurane API production in India. This move is expected to enhance their supply chain resilience and cater to the increasing demand from generic pharmaceutical manufacturers.
- September 2024
AbbVie completed the acquisition of Sevipharm, a European specialty API manufacturer with a focus on anesthetic agents. This acquisition allows AbbVie to diversify its Isoflurane API sourcing and strengthen its foothold in the European market.
- November 2024
Fresenius Kabi entered into a long-term partnership with Tianjin Kingyork Group for the co-development and supply of a next-generation, high-purity Isoflurane API. This collaboration aims to innovate the production process and improve the overall quality of the anesthetic agent.
- February 2025
Wockhardt announced a strategic initiative to invest heavily in R&D for more sustainable and environmentally friendly Isoflurane API manufacturing processes. This initiative aligns with growing global pressures for greener pharmaceutical production methods and aims to reduce their carbon footprint.
Key Players Analysis
The global isoflurane API market features key players like Lunan Pharmaceutical, AbbVie, and Fresenius Kabi driving significant growth. Lunan and AbbVie often lead in established production and market share, utilizing advanced synthetic chemistry and robust quality control for high purity APIs. Fresenius Kabi and Mylan, through strategic acquisitions and diverse product portfolios, enhance market penetration and supply chain resilience. Companies like Tianjin Kingyork Group and Jubilant Life Sciences contribute to expanding global supply, often focusing on cost efficient manufacturing and new market development. Strategic initiatives include capacity expansion, R&D for improved synthesis, and securing regulatory approvals, all fueled by increasing demand for surgical anesthetics globally.
List of Key Companies:
- Lunan Pharmaceutical
- AbbVie
- Fresenius Kabi
- Tianjin Kingyork Group
- Jubilant Life Sciences
- Stallergenes Greer
- Wockhardt
- Sevipharm
- Shaanxi Hanjiang Pharmaceutical
- Mylan
- Halo Pharmaceutical
- Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical
- Aesculap
- Baxter International
- Hengrui Medicine
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 0.28 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 0.41 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 4.2% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Isoflurane API Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035