Global Geranium Oil Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By Application (Aromatherapy, Cosmetics, Pharmaceuticals, Food and Beverages), By End Use Industry (Personal Care, Home Care, Food and Beverage, Healthcare), By Form (Pure Oil, Blended Oil, Concentrated Oil), By Distribution Channel (Online, Offline, Direct Sales), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Geranium Oil Market is projected to grow from USD 0.115 Billion in 2025 to USD 0.218 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 6.4% from 2026 through 2035. Geranium oil, extracted from the Pelargonium graveolens plant, is highly valued for its versatile applications in aromatherapy, cosmetics, and fragrance industries. Its pleasant, rose like aroma and purported therapeutic properties drive its widespread adoption. The market is propelled by increasing consumer preference for natural and organic products over synthetic alternatives, a growing awareness of the benefits of essential oils for holistic well being, and the expansion of the personal care and beauty sectors globally. The rise in disposable incomes in emerging economies further fuels demand for premium essential oil products. However, the market faces restraints such as the volatile pricing of raw materials, susceptibility of crops to climatic changes, and the stringent regulatory landscape for essential oil purity and labeling. Adulteration and quality control issues also pose significant challenges to market credibility and consumer trust.
Global Geranium Oil Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035
2025 - 2035
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Important trends shaping the geranium oil market include the rising popularity of DIY beauty and home care solutions, driving demand for pure essential oils among consumers. The integration of geranium oil into functional foods and beverages for its flavor and potential health benefits presents a nascent but promising avenue. Furthermore, technological advancements in extraction methods, such as supercritical fluid extraction, are improving yield and purity, enhancing the overall quality of geranium oil available in the market. The dominant region for geranium oil is Europe, attributed to its well established personal care and cosmetics industry, high consumer awareness regarding natural ingredients, and the strong presence of key market players and research facilities. This region benefits from a long standing tradition of using essential oils in perfumery and aromatherapy, with a sophisticated consumer base that values quality and natural provenance.
Asia Pacific is recognized as the fastest growing region in the global geranium oil market. This growth is driven by rapidly expanding economies, increasing urbanization, a burgeoning middle class with rising disposable incomes, and a growing consumer inclination towards natural products in cosmetics and healthcare. The region's expanding manufacturing capabilities in personal care and a shift towards wellness focused lifestyles contribute significantly to this accelerated growth. Key players in the market, including Firmenich, Young Living Essential Oils, doTerra International, Symrise, and Givaudan, are strategically focusing on product innovation, expanding their distribution networks, and forming partnerships with local manufacturers to strengthen their market presence. Companies are also investing in sustainable sourcing practices and ethical production to meet evolving consumer expectations and ensure long term supply chain stability. The burgeoning e-commerce sector further presents a significant opportunity for market players to reach a broader customer base and enhance product visibility globally.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 0.115 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 0.218 BillionLeading Segment:
Aromatherapy (42.5% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
Europe (36.8% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
6.4%
What is Geranium Oil?
Geranium oil is an essential oil steam distilled from the leaves and flowers of the Pelargonium graveolens plant, commonly known as rose geranium. It is distinct from true rose oil, though it possesses a similar sweet, rosy aroma. Chemically, it is rich in monoterpenoid alcohols like geraniol and citronellol, which contribute to its characteristic fragrance and therapeutic properties. Historically valued in perfumery and aromatherapy, geranium oil is recognized for its balancing, uplifting, and astringent qualities. It finds applications in cosmetics, skin care for its purported ability to balance sebum production, and in personal care products, including soaps and lotions, for its pleasant scent and purported skin benefits.
What are the Trends in Global Geranium Oil Market
Sustainable Sourcing Innovations Driving Growth
Cosmetic Industry Demand Propelling Market Expansion
Therapeutic Applications Fueling Geranium Oil Adoption
Organic Cultivation Practices Gaining Traction
E commerce Platforms Expanding Global Reach
Sustainable Sourcing Innovations Driving Growth
Sustainable sourcing innovations are increasingly critical in the global geranium oil market. Demand for ethically produced, environmentally friendly ingredients is pushing growers and extractors to adopt new practices. Technologies such as hydroponics and aeroponics are gaining traction, significantly reducing water usage and land requirements compared to traditional field cultivation. These methods also offer greater control over growing conditions, potentially improving oil quality and yield consistency. Furthermore, advancements in extraction techniques, including supercritical CO2 extraction, are minimizing chemical use and waste generation, enhancing product purity and sustainability. Traceability solutions, leveraging blockchain and other digital tools, are providing transparent supply chains, assuring consumers and manufacturers of the origin and sustainable journey of geranium oil. This commitment to sustainability not only meets consumer expectations but also unlocks new growth avenues and strengthens brand reputation in a competitive market.
Cosmetic Industry Demand Propelling Market Expansion
The cosmetic industry's demand is significantly fueling the global geranium oil market. Geranium oil is increasingly sought after for its appealing fragrance and perceived beneficial properties in various personal care products. It is a popular ingredient in perfumes, lotions, soaps, and skincare formulations, valued for its natural origin and distinctive floral aroma. This natural appeal aligns with consumer preferences for clean beauty products, driving its incorporation into new cosmetic lines. The versatility of geranium oil, both for its scent and its perceived skin enhancing qualities, makes it a desirable component for formulators. As the beauty industry continues to innovate and expand its natural and botanical offerings, the demand for essential oils like geranium oil escalates, pushing the market forward.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Geranium Oil Market
Escalating Demand from Cosmetics and Fragrance Industries
Expanding Applications in Aromatherapy and Wellness Sector
Growing Awareness of Natural and Organic Ingredients
Rising Demand for Therapeutic and Medicinal Properties
Strategic Initiatives by Key Market Players and Product Innovation
Escalating Demand from Cosmetics and Fragrance Industries
The global geranium oil market is significantly propelled by the increasing demand from the cosmetics and fragrance industries. Geranium oil, with its pleasing rosy scent and beneficial properties, is a highly sought after ingredient in various personal care products. Cosmetic manufacturers incorporate it into anti aging creams, lotions, and facial toners for its astringent and balancing qualities, which promote healthier skin. Its natural anti inflammatory and antiseptic attributes also make it popular in skincare formulations aimed at soothing irritation and enhancing skin complexion.
In the fragrance sector, geranium oil is a key component in perfumes, colognes, and essential oil blends. Its complex floral and herbaceous aroma provides a versatile middle note, adding depth and sophistication to a wide range of scents. As consumer preference shifts towards natural and plant based ingredients, the demand for geranium oil continues to climb within these burgeoning industries, driving substantial market growth.
Expanding Applications in Aromatherapy and Wellness Sector
The global geranium oil market is significantly propelled by the increasing demand from the aromatherapy and wellness sector. Consumers are actively seeking natural and holistic remedies for stress reduction, mood enhancement, and overall wellbeing. Geranium oil, with its pleasant floral scent and purported therapeutic properties such as balancing and uplifting effects, is a popular choice among aromatherapists and personal care brands. Its versatility allows for various applications including essential oil diffusers, massage oils, bath products, and roll ons, catering to a growing health conscious population. This trend is further fueled by rising awareness regarding the benefits of essential oils and a preference for natural ingredients over synthetic alternatives in beauty and personal care routines, driving consistent growth in the geranium oil market.
Growing Awareness of Natural and Organic Ingredients
The increasing consumer desire for natural and organic products is a significant driver in the global geranium oil market. People are becoming more conscious of the ingredients in their personal care items, cosmetics, and aromatherapy products, actively seeking alternatives to synthetic chemicals. Geranium oil, extracted from the Pelargonium graveolens plant, naturally aligns with this trend. Its perceived purity and origin from a botanical source make it highly attractive to health conscious individuals and those prioritizing environmental sustainability. This growing awareness translates into higher demand for geranium oil in various applications, from skincare formulations to fragrances, as manufacturers incorporate it to meet consumer preferences for clean label and natural ingredient claims.
Global Geranium Oil Market Restraints
Disruption of Supply Chain and Logistics due to Geopolitical Tensions
Geopolitical tensions significantly restrain the global geranium oil market by disrupting the intricate network of supply chain and logistics. Instability in key producing regions, often politically volatile, can lead to sudden stoppages in production or restricted access to raw materials. Export routes are frequently jeopardized by political disputes, trade wars, or military conflicts, making international shipping unpredictable and expensive. Border closures, customs delays, and increased security measures inflate transportation costs and extend delivery times. Furthermore, sanctions or boycotts on specific countries or companies can sever vital links in the supply chain, impacting the availability and pricing of geranium oil worldwide and hindering market growth.
Intensified Competition from Synthetic Alternatives
The global geranium oil market faces a significant challenge from intensified competition from synthetic alternatives. These lab created substitutes offer similar aromatic profiles and functional properties to natural geranium oil, often at a substantially lower price point. This price disparity makes them highly attractive to manufacturers, particularly in the fragrance, cosmetic, and flavor industries, where cost efficiency is paramount.
The accessibility and consistent quality of synthetic alternatives further disrupt the market for natural geranium oil. Producers of natural oil struggle to compete with the scalability and stable supply offered by synthetic producers. This intensifies the pressure on natural geranium oil suppliers to differentiate their products, perhaps through sustainability claims or certified organic status, to retain market share. The continuous development of more sophisticated synthetic compounds poses an ongoing threat to the natural oil’s dominance.
Global Geranium Oil Market Opportunities
Premium Naturals: Geranium Oil's Growing Demand in Sustainable Skincare & Fragrance Formulations
Geranium oil presents a significant global opportunity, driven by an escalating consumer demand for premium natural and sustainable skincare and fragrance solutions. Consumers are increasingly prioritizing ingredients that are both effective and environmentally responsible, compelling brands worldwide to innovate. Geranium oil, celebrated for its diverse therapeutic properties and sophisticated floral aroma, perfectly aligns with this evolving preference, offering a versatile botanical component for high end, eco conscious formulations. The Asia Pacific region is particularly instrumental in driving this growth, showing rapid consumer adoption of natural beauty and personal care products across diverse markets. This strong regional uptake significantly amplifies the global need for high quality, ethically sourced geranium oil. The opportunity involves supplying manufacturers seeking traceable, authentic natural extracts for innovative, sustainable product lines. Its dual benefit as both an active ingredient and a valued fragrant component makes it highly attractive. Producers focusing on natural and responsibly harvested botanical extracts are uniquely positioned to capitalize on this robust and expanding market trend.
Beyond Beauty: Expanding Geranium Oil Applications in Eco-Friendly Home & Wellness Products
Geranium oil, long cherished in beauty and fragrance, presents a significant growth opportunity by expanding into eco-friendly home and wellness products. A global surge in consumer preference for natural, sustainable ingredients fuels this shift. Geranium oil's versatile profile, encompassing a delightful aroma and beneficial properties like insect repellency, air purification, and calming effects, makes it an ideal component.
Consider its application in natural household cleaners, fabric refreshers, and diffusers, offering safe, plant based alternatives to synthetic chemicals. In the wellness domain, it can enrich aromatherapy blends, bath products, and massage oils, aligning perfectly with holistic health trends. This strategic diversification moves beyond traditional cosmetic uses, tapping into a broader market seeking non toxic, effective solutions for everyday living. The burgeoning demand for such sustainable options, especially within rapidly developing markets like Asia Pacific, positions geranium oil to capture substantial new value, enhancing its versatility and market relevance significantly.
Global Geranium Oil Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Application
- •Aromatherapy
- •Cosmetics
- •Pharmaceuticals
- •Food and Beverages
By Distribution Channel
- •Online
- •Offline
- •Direct Sales
By End Use Industry
- •Personal Care
- •Home Care
- •Food and Beverage
- •Healthcare
By Form
- •Pure Oil
- •Blended Oil
- •Concentrated Oil
Segment Share By Application
Share, By Application, 2025 (%)
- Aromatherapy
- Cosmetics
- Pharmaceuticals
- Food and Beverages
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Why is the Aromatherapy application segment dominating the Global Geranium Oil Market?
The significant share of Aromatherapy, accounting for 42.5 percent of the market, underscores consumer preference for natural wellness solutions. Geranium oil is highly valued for its calming and uplifting properties, making it a primary choice in essential oil diffusers, massage oils, and therapeutic blends. This dominance highlights a broader trend of consumers seeking botanical remedies for stress reduction, mood enhancement, and overall emotional well being, driving substantial demand through this particular application.
How do various distribution channels influence consumer access to geranium oil?
The market leverages a diverse range of distribution channels including Online, Offline, and Direct Sales, each playing a crucial role in market penetration. Online platforms offer unparalleled convenience and global reach, allowing consumers to easily access a variety of products and brands. Offline channels, such as specialty stores and pharmacies, provide opportunities for sensory experience and expert consultation. Direct Sales foster personalized relationships and education. The interplay of these channels ensures widespread availability and caters to different purchasing preferences, from impulse buys to informed therapeutic acquisitions.
What role do diverse end use industries play in expanding the market for geranium oil?
Geranium oil finds extensive application across various end use industries, notably Personal Care, Home Care, Food and Beverage, and Healthcare. The Personal Care sector utilizes it for its aromatic and skin conditioning properties in cosmetics and skincare. Home Care incorporates it into cleaning products and air fresheners for its pleasant fragrance. In Food and Beverage, it serves as a flavoring agent. The Healthcare industry values its traditional therapeutic attributes. This broad adoption across multiple sectors demonstrates the versatility of geranium oil, indicating a robust and diversified demand beyond its primary use.
What Regulatory and Policy Factors Shape the Global Geranium Oil Market
The global geranium oil market navigates a multifaceted regulatory landscape shaped by regional and application specific requirements. Regulatory bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration FDA and the European Medicines Agency EMA oversee product safety and quality for various end uses. Purity standards are paramount, with strict limits on contaminants and adulteration to ensure consumer safety and product efficacy. Labeling regulations demand clear ingredient disclosure, country of origin, and potential allergen warnings, empowering informed consumer choices. For cosmetic and fragrance applications, organizations like the International Fragrance Association IFRA establish guidelines that significantly impact formulation practices and ingredient restrictions. International trade policies, including customs duties and phytosanitary certificates, also influence market access and distribution. Furthermore, sustainability initiatives and ethical sourcing policies are increasingly integrated into supply chain regulations, reflecting growing environmental and social concerns. Compliance across these diverse frameworks is crucial for market entry and sustained growth.
What New Technologies are Shaping Global Geranium Oil Market?
Innovations are significantly reshaping the global geranium oil market. Advanced extraction technologies such as supercritical CO2 and solvent-free methods are yielding purer oils with enhanced aromatic profiles, appealing to premium segments. Biotechnology is enabling the development of geranium varieties with higher oil content, improved disease resistance, and adaptability to diverse climates, ensuring consistent supply and quality.
Emerging technologies focus on sustainability and application versatility. Precision agriculture, integrating IoT and AI, optimizes growing conditions, water usage, and harvesting, reducing environmental impact and operational costs. Blockchain technology is gaining traction for ensuring supply chain transparency and ethical sourcing, building consumer trust. Furthermore, microencapsulation techniques are extending the shelf life and controlled release of geranium oil in fragrances, cosmetics, and functional foods, expanding its utility and market penetration. These advancements promise sustained growth and diversification for the industry.
Global Geranium Oil Market Regional Analysis
Global Geranium Oil Market
Trends, by Region
Europe Market
Revenue Share, 2025
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Dominant Region
Europe · 36.8% share
Europe stands as a dominant region in the global geranium oil market, holding a substantial 36.8% market share. This robust presence is driven by several key factors. The region boasts a strong tradition of perfumery and cosmetics, industries that are primary consumers of geranium oil for its floral and rosy notes. Furthermore, a growing consumer preference for natural and organic ingredients in personal care products and aromatherapy fuels demand. Established distribution networks and a mature market for essential oils also contribute significantly to Europe's leading position. Strict quality standards and advanced processing capabilities further solidify its role as a major hub for both production and consumption of geranium oil.
Fastest Growing Region
Asia Pacific · 9.2% CAGR
Asia Pacific is projected as the fastest growing region in the global geranium oil market, exhibiting a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate of 9.2% from 2026 to 2035. This accelerated expansion is primarily fueled by the burgeoning cosmetics and personal care industries across countries like China and India. Increasing consumer awareness regarding natural and organic ingredients, coupled with rising disposable incomes, further propels the demand for geranium oil in aromatherapy and fragrance applications. The region’s expanding pharmaceutical sector also contributes significantly, utilizing geranium oil for its therapeutic properties. A growing preference for herbal products and a shift away from synthetic alternatives are key drivers underpinning Asia Pacific’s impressive growth trajectory.
Top Countries Overview
The U.S. is a significant importer of geranium oil, primarily from Egypt and China, for its fragrance, cosmetics, and aromatherapy industries. While not a major producer, domestic demand drives a substantial market, with growth fueled by increasing consumer preference for natural ingredients. Pricing and availability are highly susceptible to global supply chain disruptions and geopolitical factors affecting producer nations.
China is a pivotal player in the global geranium oil market, primarily as a significant producer and exporter. Its favorable climate and extensive agricultural capacity enable substantial cultivation of geraniums. Chinese suppliers contribute significantly to the global supply chain, influencing price dynamics and availability. The industry supports numerous farmers and contributes substantially to the country's agricultural exports.
India is a significant player in the global geranium oil market, contributing substantially to its supply chain. The country's favorable climate and extensive cultivation of Pelargonium graveolens make it a key producer. Indian geranium oil is valued for its quality and aroma, utilized in fragrances, cosmetics, and aromatherapy worldwide. Growth is driven by increasing demand for natural ingredients and essential oils.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitical tensions in key producing regions, particularly North Africa and parts of Eastern Europe, significantly impact the geranium oil supply. Political instability, armed conflicts, and related disruptions to agricultural activities and trade routes directly affect the availability and price of the raw material. Furthermore, changing trade policies and tariffs between major exporting and importing nations, especially concerning essential oils, can create market volatility and shift sourcing strategies among fragrance and flavor houses. Droughts and extreme weather events, exacerbated by climate change, in geranium producing regions are a critical macroeconomic factor. These events reduce yields, increase production costs, and lead to price surges.
Global economic downturns, conversely, can dampen demand for premium ingredients like geranium oil as consumers prioritize more essential purchases and manufacturers seek cheaper alternatives. Conversely, a robust global economy could drive increased demand from the luxury fragrance and natural products sectors. Currency fluctuations between producing and consuming nations also play a substantial role, influencing the profitability of exports and the cost of imports, ultimately affecting market competitiveness and pricing dynamics.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
doTerra International launched a new line of sustainably sourced geranium essential oils. This initiative aims to strengthen their ethical sourcing credentials and cater to the growing consumer demand for transparent supply chains.
- July 2024
Firmenich announced a strategic partnership with a major agricultural cooperative in Madagascar to secure long-term, high-quality geranium oil supply. This collaboration focuses on implementing advanced cultivation techniques to improve yield and oil quality.
- September 2024
Symrise acquired a significant stake in a South African geranium farm and distillation facility. This acquisition is part of Symrise's vertical integration strategy to ensure better control over raw material sourcing and enhance product consistency.
- February 2025
Young Living Essential Oils introduced a new organic certified geranium oil product, expanding their premium essential oil offerings. This launch responds to the increasing consumer preference for organic and natural ingredients in aromatherapy and personal care.
- November 2024
AOS Products initiated a research and development program focused on enhancing the therapeutic properties of geranium oil through novel extraction methods. The goal is to develop specialized geranium oil variants for targeted applications in the pharmaceutical and wellness sectors.
Key Players Analysis
Firmenich and Givaudan dominate the global geranium oil market as key fragrance and flavor houses leveraging advanced extraction technologies like CO2 extraction and molecular distillation. Young Living Essential Oils and doTerra International drive direct to consumer sales emphasizing organic cultivation and purity testing. Symrise and Citrus and Allied Essences focus on industrial supply chains while Florihana and The Essential Oil Company cater to niche artisanal markets with steam distillation. AOS Products is a prominent Indian manufacturer. Etro's role is primarily as an end consumer in luxury fragrances. Strategic initiatives involve sustainable sourcing certifications and expanding product portfolios with organic varieties, propelled by increasing consumer demand for natural ingredients and aromatherapy.
List of Key Companies:
- Firmenich
- Young Living Essential Oils
- doTerra International
- Symrise
- Citrus and Allied Essences
- Florihana
- The Essential Oil Company
- AOS Products
- Etro
- Givaudan
- Huiles & Sens
- Sensient Technologies Corporation
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 0.115 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 0.218 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 6.4% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Geranium Oil Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035