
Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By Fuel Type (Diesel, Petrol, Biodiesel, Kerosene), By End Use (Passenger Vehicles, Commercial Vehicles, Heavy-Duty Vehicles), By Application (Transport, Construction, Agriculture, Marine), By Type (Forced Air Heaters, Hydronic Heaters, Combination Heaters), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market is projected to grow from USD 4.8 Billion in 2025 to USD 6.9 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 4.2% from 2026 through 2035. This market encompasses the manufacturing and sale of heating systems that utilize fuel to warm the interior of vehicles, independent of the engine’s operation. These systems are crucial for enhancing passenger comfort, defrosting windows, and preheating engines in cold climates. Key drivers propelling this market include increasingly stringent regulations regarding passenger comfort and safety in commercial vehicles, a growing demand for premium features in passenger cars, and the expansion of logistics and transportation networks in regions experiencing severe winters. Moreover, the long lifecycle and robust performance of these heaters in harsh conditions continue to drive their adoption. However, the market faces restraints such as the rising popularity of electric vehicles, which often incorporate integrated electric heating solutions, and growing environmental concerns pushing for reduced carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning. Nevertheless, opportunities exist in the development of more fuel efficient and compact designs, the integration with smart vehicle systems, and expansion into untapped emerging markets with cold climates.
Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035

2025 - 2035
www.makdatainsights.com
Europe stands out as the dominant region in the fuel-based automotive auxiliary heaters market, primarily due to its long history of cold winters and a well-established automotive industry with a high demand for premium vehicle features. European consumers and commercial operators prioritize vehicle comfort and operational efficiency in sub zero temperatures, leading to a strong installed base and consistent demand for these heating solutions. The presence of several key market players also strengthens Europe’s position. In contrast, Asia Pacific is identified as the fastest growing region. This growth is attributed to rapid urbanization, increasing disposable incomes, and the expanding automotive production base in countries like China and India, coupled with a growing awareness and adoption of comfort enhancing features in vehicles, particularly in the northern parts of these countries which experience significant cold spells. The demand for auxiliary heaters in commercial fleets and the aftermarket segment is also contributing significantly to this regional surge.
The market is segmented by application, type, fuel type, and end use, with the Diesel segment holding the leading share. This dominance stems from the widespread use of diesel engines in commercial vehicles such as trucks, buses, and heavy duty machinery, where auxiliary heaters are often considered standard equipment for operational efficiency and driver comfort. Key players in this competitive landscape include Binar, Planar, Eberspächer, Espar, Dasfrost, Truma, Heater Craft, ZFR, Frosty, and Hussan. These companies are actively engaged in strategic initiatives such as product innovation, focusing on developing more compact, fuel efficient, and environmentally friendly heating systems. They are also expanding their distribution networks, forging partnerships with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and strengthening their aftermarket presence to capitalize on the growing demand. Furthermore, research and development efforts are concentrated on integrating these heaters with advanced vehicle electronics for enhanced user control and energy management, ensuring continued relevance in an evolving automotive landscape.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 4.8 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 6.9 BillionLeading Segment:
Diesel (68.4% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
Europe (38.7% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
4.2%
What is Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters?
Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters are independent devices within vehicles that generate heat using the vehicle's own fuel, typically gasoline or diesel. Their core concept is to provide cabin comfort and engine preheating without running the main engine. Significance lies in their ability to warm the interior and thaw windows in cold conditions while the vehicle is stationary or off, conserving fuel compared to idling the engine. Applications include enhanced driver and passenger comfort, improved engine starting reliability in sub-zero temperatures, and faster defrosting of windshields and windows, contributing to safer driving and a more pleasant user experience in winter climates.
What are the Trends in Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market
Electrification Impact on Auxiliary Heating
Sustainable Fuel Solutions for Cabin Comfort
Smart Climate Control Integration Progress
Aftermarket Demand for Heater Upgrades
Electrification Impact on Auxiliary Heating
Electrification significantly alters auxiliary heating demand. As electric vehicle adoption grows, traditional fuel fired heaters face declining demand due to battery powered heating solutions. While electric heaters provide cabin warmth, their impact on range necessitates efficient designs. This shift pushes manufacturers to innovate lighter, more energy efficient electric auxiliary heating systems, impacting the overall market for fuel based heaters.
Sustainable Fuel Solutions for Cabin Comfort
Automakers are exploring sustainable fuel options like biofuels and synthetic fuels to power auxiliary heaters, enhancing passenger comfort without increasing emissions. This shift addresses environmental concerns and consumer demand for greener vehicles. The focus is on quieter, more efficient heating systems that align with the vehicle's overall sustainable footprint, providing warmth during cold weather while minimizing environmental impact and fuel consumption.
Smart Climate Control Integration Progress
Smart climate control integration is growing as automotive auxiliary heaters become more sophisticated. Systems increasingly analyze cabin temperature, external weather, and occupant preferences to automatically optimize heating. This reduces fuel consumption and enhances comfort by precisely regulating heater operation. Advanced sensors and algorithms are key to this progress, making auxiliary heating more intelligent and efficient for consumers globally.
Aftermarket Demand for Heater Upgrades
Drivers are seeking enhanced comfort and safety in colder climates. Many consumers are upgrading existing auxiliary heaters or installing new ones to improve vehicle warmth and accelerate engine warm up. The trend reflects a desire for more powerful, efficient heating solutions, often with smart features. This aftermarket demand is particularly strong in regions experiencing harsh winters, reflecting a growing appreciation for sophisticated heating systems.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market
Stringent Emission Regulations and Cold Start Requirements
Growing Automotive Production and Vehicle Parc Expansion
Enhanced Comfort and Safety Features in Modern Vehicles
Advancements in Fuel Efficiency and Heater Technology
Stringent Emission Regulations and Cold Start Requirements
Stricter global rules mandate reduced emissions, especially during engine cold starts. Auxiliary heaters preheat engines and cabin interiors, allowing quicker warm up and efficient operation. This minimizes harmful exhaust gases released when engines are not at optimal temperature, fulfilling regulatory demands and improving vehicle environmental performance.
Growing Automotive Production and Vehicle Parc Expansion
Increasing automotive manufacturing globally boosts demand for auxiliary heaters as more vehicles enter circulation. This expansion of the vehicle parc, especially in emerging economies, directly translates to a larger installed base requiring cabin pre heating and engine warming solutions. New car sales and fleet growth are key contributors.
Enhanced Comfort and Safety Features in Modern Vehicles
Modern vehicles increasingly prioritize occupant well-being. This trend includes advanced climate control systems that ensure optimal cabin temperatures even in extreme cold. Auxiliary heaters complement these systems by providing rapid and consistent warmth enhancing overall passenger comfort. Additionally they improve defogging and de-icing for better visibility contributing to safer driving conditions. These integrated features create a more premium and secure in-car experience boosting demand for these heaters.
Advancements in Fuel Efficiency and Heater Technology
Improvements in fuel efficiency and heater technology drive market growth. Automakers increasingly integrate advanced, efficient auxiliary heaters into vehicles. These innovations enhance comfort and reduce energy consumption, appealing to consumers and aligning with stricter emission regulations. Sophisticated designs and improved performance make these systems more attractive.
Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Restraints
Stringent Emissions Regulations
Stringent emissions regulations pose a significant restraint on the global fuel based automotive auxiliary heaters market. These rules mandate lower pollutant outputs from all vehicle components including heating systems. Manufacturers face pressure to develop cleaner burning technologies or adapt to alternative energy sources. Compliance often necessitates costly research development and retooling making traditional fuel based heaters less competitive and desirable for both manufacturers and consumers seeking greener vehicle solutions. This limits market expansion and pushes towards electric or hybrid heating alternatives.
Electrification Trend in Automotive Industry
The shift towards electric vehicles significantly curtails demand for fuel based auxiliary heaters. As electric vehicle adoption rises globally, the inherent design of these vehicles eliminates the need for traditional combustion heating systems. This electrification trend diminishes the market for fossil fuel dependent heaters, posing a substantial challenge to manufacturers in the global fuel based automotive auxiliary heaters market. It forces a decline in unit sales and revenue potential.
Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Opportunities
Anti-Idling Regulations & Emissions Compliance: Boosting Demand for Fuel-Based Auxiliary Heaters
Stricter anti-idling regulations, driven by emissions compliance, create a significant opportunity for fuel based auxiliary heaters. These rules mandate turning off vehicle engines during stops, preventing prolonged idling that wastes fuel and pollutes. Consequently, drivers require independent heating solutions to maintain cabin comfort without violating regulations. Auxiliary heaters fulfill this need by providing warmth without the main engine running. This directly boosts demand for autonomous heating systems, a robust growth avenue. The market expands as more regions adopt stricter environmental mandates, ensuring driver comfort while adhering to emission standards and reducing engine idle time.
Expanding Market Share in Heavy-Duty & Specialty Vehicle Auxiliary Heating Solutions
A significant opportunity exists to expand market share in fuel based auxiliary heating solutions for heavy duty and specialty vehicles. Global demand for these robust heating systems is rising, driven particularly by rapid growth in the Asia Pacific region. Companies can capitalize by offering advanced, reliable heating technologies tailored for diverse commercial and specialized applications. This allows providers to capture a larger segment of the burgeoning market for essential vehicle comfort and operational efficiency in demanding environments, solidifying their competitive position.
Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Application
- •Transport
- •Construction
- •Agriculture
- •Marine
By Type
- •Forced Air Heaters
- •Hydronic Heaters
- •Combination Heaters
By Fuel Type
- •Diesel
- •Petrol
- •Biodiesel
- •Kerosene
By End Use
- •Passenger Vehicles
- •Commercial Vehicles
- •Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Segment Share By Application
Share, By Application, 2025 (%)
- Transport
- Construction
- Agriculture
- Marine

www.makdatainsights.com
Why does the Diesel fuel type dominate the Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market?
Diesel holds a substantial leading share due to its widespread adoption in heavy-duty vehicles, commercial trucks, and equipment within the construction and agriculture sectors. These segments frequently operate in demanding climates where auxiliary heating is crucial for engine preheating, cabin comfort, and defogging. The inherent availability of diesel fuel in these applications and its robust energy density make it the most practical and efficient choice for integrated heating systems.
How do specific application segments influence the demand for different heater types?
Application segments like transport, construction, and agriculture significantly drive demand for specific heater types. Commercial and heavy-duty vehicles in transport and construction often require powerful hydronic heaters for engine preheating and sophisticated forced air heaters for cabin comfort over extended periods. Agricultural machinery, operating in varied conditions, also benefits from robust forced air systems. These applications prioritize reliability, efficiency, and consistent performance in extreme environments.
What is the interplay between end use and the overall market demand for auxiliary heaters?
The end-use segments, particularly commercial vehicles and heavy-duty vehicles, are primary drivers of overall market demand. These vehicle categories operate extensively in cold climates, necessitating auxiliary heaters for operational efficiency, driver comfort, and compliance with regulations. Passenger vehicles also contribute, especially in regions with severe winters, driving demand for both comfort heating and specialized engine preheating solutions that enhance vehicle longevity and performance.
What Regulatory and Policy Factors Shape the Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market
The global fuel-based automotive auxiliary heaters market is profoundly shaped by stringent environmental and safety regulations. Emissions standards, including Euro norms and similar mandates across North America and Asia Pacific, heavily influence product design, requiring advanced combustion technologies to minimize carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter. Broader climate policies promoting vehicle electrification and reduced fossil fuel dependence pose long term challenges, potentially limiting market growth in some regions. Vehicle safety regulations govern fuel storage, combustion integrity, and fire prevention, ensuring operational reliability. Compliance with varied national and regional directives is critical, necessitating adaptable manufacturing and certification processes to meet diverse market demands.
What New Technologies are Shaping Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market?
Innovations in fuel-based auxiliary heaters prioritize enhanced efficiency and lower emissions. Emerging technologies encompass advanced combustion techniques, ensuring cleaner operation and improved fuel economy. Smart control systems integrating artificial intelligence and internet of things capabilities are becoming prominent. These offer predictive heating, remote activation, and optimized energy consumption based on weather and user patterns. Miniaturization allows for better vehicle integration, while material science advances contribute to lighter, more durable units. Developments aim for greater reliability, reduced noise, and seamless integration with existing automotive electronics. The emphasis is on delivering superior cabin comfort with minimal environmental impact and enhanced user convenience through smart connectivity.
Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Regional Analysis
Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market
Trends, by Region

Europe Market
Revenue Share, 2025
www.makdatainsights.com
North America is a significant market for fuel-based automotive auxiliary heaters, driven by harsh winter conditions in Canada and the northern US. The region's robust automotive industry and consumer demand for comfort and safety in extreme cold fuels market growth. Stricter emission regulations, particularly in California, influence the development of more efficient and eco-friendly heater technologies. Aftermarket sales are strong, with consumers often upgrading existing vehicles or adding heaters to new purchases. The demand for commercial vehicle applications, such as long-haul trucks, also contributes substantially to the market. Technological advancements focusing on fuel efficiency and integration with vehicle systems are key trends.
Europe dominates the fuel-based automotive auxiliary heaters market, holding a substantial 38.7% share. This is driven by several factors: a large existing automotive fleet, particularly in colder Nordic and Central European countries where heating is a necessity for comfort and engine pre-heating. Stringent emission regulations further contribute, favoring efficient auxiliary heating solutions over idling engines. The strong presence of premium automotive brands and a high demand for comfort features in luxury vehicles also fuels market growth. Furthermore, a well-established aftermarket and robust distribution networks ensure widespread availability and adoption of these systems across the region.
The Asia Pacific region is rapidly dominating the fuel-based automotive auxiliary heaters market, exhibiting the highest growth globally with an impressive 7.9% CAGR. This surge is primarily driven by increasing automotive production and sales across key countries like China, India, Japan, and South Korea. Stricter winterization requirements in northern parts of these countries, combined with a growing demand for enhanced passenger comfort and vehicle performance in colder climates, are significant contributors. The expanding commercial vehicle sector and the continuous adoption of advanced heating technologies further bolster market expansion in this dynamic region.
Latin America's auxiliary heater market is emerging, driven by colder regions like Patagonia and the Andes. Brazil, with its diverse climate, shows pockets of demand in southern states. Argentina and Chile are key players due to their colder latitudes and mountainous terrains, requiring heaters for passenger comfort and engine pre-heating. Uruguay's temperate climate offers limited but growing opportunities. High import duties and a focus on essential vehicle components rather than comfort features hinder market penetration in some countries. However, increasing demand for luxury and recreational vehicles, coupled with growing awareness of cold-weather benefits, suggests future growth.
MEA exhibits strong growth in automotive auxiliary heaters due to extreme weather conditions across various regions. Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries see high demand for cooling-focused auxiliary systems for extreme heat, particularly in luxury and commercial vehicles. South Africa and North African nations like Morocco and Egypt also contribute, driven by both heating and cooling requirements and increasing vehicle parc. While heating demand is pronounced in colder parts like higher altitude areas, the overarching trend is towards sophisticated climate control solutions. Economic development and rising disposable incomes further bolster the adoption of advanced auxiliary heating and cooling systems across the region.
Top Countries Overview
The United States market for fuel based automotive auxiliary heaters is driven by consumer demand for comfort and safety. Regulatory factors like emissions standards influence product development. Technology advancements and the shift towards electric vehicles will reshape future market dynamics and growth within the nation.
China dominates the global fuel based automotive auxiliary heaters market. Strict emission regulations and consumer preference for comfort drive its growth. Local manufacturers lead, with demand from both conventional and new energy vehicles. The market is dynamic, influenced by fuel prices and technology advancements.
India's automotive auxiliary heater market is growing due to rising disposable income and vehicle ownership. Demand is increasing for fuel based heaters in colder regions and luxury segments. Local manufacturing and import tariffs influence market dynamics, with technological advancements impacting future growth prospects.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitical tensions, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, directly impact crude oil prices, a primary input for fuel based automotive auxiliary heaters. Supply chain disruptions due to regional conflicts or trade disputes can also affect component availability and manufacturing costs. Shifting alliances and protectionist policies in key automotive producing nations influence market access and competitive landscapes for heater manufacturers.
Macroeconomic factors like global GDP growth and consumer disposable income dictate new vehicle sales, a key driver for auxiliary heater demand. Inflationary pressures can increase production costs and potentially dampen consumer spending on discretionary automotive features. Interest rate fluctuations impact consumer financing for vehicles and manufacturers' investment in new technologies, including more efficient heating solutions.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
Eberspächer announced a strategic partnership with Frosty, a growing regional player known for its cost-effective heater solutions. This collaboration aims to expand Eberspächer's market reach in emerging economies by leveraging Frosty's established distribution networks and local manufacturing capabilities for specific product lines.
- September 2024
Dasfrost acquired Heater Craft, a specialist in auxiliary heaters for the marine and RV sectors. This acquisition strengthens Dasfrost's position in niche markets, adding Heater Craft's established product portfolio and customer base to their existing offerings.
- February 2025
Planar unveiled its new 'EcoHeat Series' of fuel-based auxiliary heaters, featuring enhanced fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. This product launch targets growing consumer demand for environmentally conscious automotive solutions, offering advanced combustion technology and smart control systems.
- June 2024
Truma launched a strategic initiative focused on integrating IoT capabilities into its entire range of auxiliary heaters. This initiative aims to provide users with remote monitoring and control via smartphone applications, improving convenience and energy management for automotive and recreational vehicles.
- November 2024
Binar and ZFR announced a joint venture to develop next-generation auxiliary heaters specifically for heavy-duty commercial vehicles. This partnership leverages Binar's engineering expertise and ZFR's strong presence in the commercial vehicle OEM market to create robust and highly efficient heating solutions tailored for demanding applications.
Key Players Analysis
Key players like Eberspächer, Planar, and Espar dominate the global fuel based automotive auxiliary heaters market, leveraging their established brand recognition and distribution networks. Companies such as Binar and Truma are strong contenders, often focusing on specific market segments or vehicle types. Strategic initiatives include product innovation, especially concerning improved efficiency and reduced emissions, along with expanding into emerging markets. Technologically, these players are advancing fuel efficiency, smart control systems, and compact designs. Market growth drivers include consumer demand for comfort, safety in cold weather, and the rising popularity of recreational vehicles, all contributing to the continued expansion of this specialized automotive segment.
List of Key Companies:
- Binar
- Planar
- Eberspächer
- Espar
- Dasfrost
- Truma
- Heater Craft
- ZFR
- Frosty
- Hussan
- Webasto
- Caloritech
- Dometic
- Suarco
- Mizushima
- ProHeat
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 4.8 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 6.9 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 4.2% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Fuel Type, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Fuel Type, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Fuel Type, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Fuel Type, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Fuel Type, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Type, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Fuel Type, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Fuel-Based Automotive Auxiliary Heaters Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
