
Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By Form (Liquid, Solid, Powder), By Distribution Channel (Direct Sales, Online Sales, Wholesale), By End Use Sector (Agricultural Sector, Food and Beverage Industry, Healthcare Sector, Industrial Applications), By Application (Agriculture, Pharmaceuticals, Chemical Manufacturing, Animal Feed, Textiles), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market is projected to grow from USD 0.48 Billion in 2025 to USD 0.79 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 6.2% from 2026 through 2035. Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI is a vital organic compound primarily utilized as a source of iodine, particularly in animal nutrition and various industrial applications. The market is propelled by a confluence of factors, including the increasing global demand for high-quality animal protein, where EDDI serves as a critical iodine supplement to prevent deficiencies and enhance animal health and productivity. The growing awareness among livestock producers about the importance of micronutrients in feed formulations is a significant driver. Furthermore, its application in human health products, albeit a smaller segment, is also contributing to market expansion, driven by rising health consciousness and the demand for iodine supplements. Technological advancements in synthesis and purification processes, leading to higher purity EDDI, are a key trend shaping the market, offering improved efficacy and safety for end applications.
Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035

2025 - 2035
www.makdatainsights.com
Despite the positive outlook, the EDDI market faces certain restraints. Fluctuations in raw material prices, particularly for iodine and ethylenediamine, can impact manufacturing costs and profitability. Stringent regulatory frameworks regarding iodine supplementation levels in animal feed across different regions pose a challenge for market players, requiring continuous compliance and product adaptation. However, significant opportunities lie in the expanding applications of EDDI beyond traditional uses. Research into its potential in pharmaceutical formulations, diagnostic agents, and as a catalyst in various chemical reactions presents avenues for future growth. The development of sustainable and environmentally friendly production methods for EDDI could also unlock new market segments and enhance market acceptance. The market is characterized by a diverse range of applications, forms, end use sectors, and distribution channels, reflecting its multifaceted utility. The leading segment, animal feed, underscores the compound's indispensable role in livestock and poultry industries.
North America is currently the dominant region in the EDDI market, driven by its well-established animal agriculture sector, high consumer awareness regarding animal health, and robust regulatory support for nutritional supplements. The presence of major EDDI manufacturers and a sophisticated distribution network further solidify its leading position. Conversely, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest growing region, fueled by rapid expansion in its livestock and aquaculture industries, increasing meat and dairy consumption, and growing adoption of modern farming practices. Countries within this region are witnessing significant investments in animal nutrition, creating substantial demand for EDDI. Key players like Tosoh Corporation, Dow, AkzoNobel, and Nouryon are strategically focusing on capacity expansion, research and development for new applications, and strengthening their distribution networks to capitalize on global growth. Strategic collaborations and mergers and acquisitions are also common strategies employed by these companies to enhance their market share and product portfolios.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 0.48 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 0.79 BillionLeading Segment:
Animal Feed (62.5% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
North America (38.2% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
6.2%
Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Emerging Trends and Insights
Iodine Deficiency Fuels EDDI Market Expansion
Iodine deficiency is a persistent global health issue. This deficiency significantly expands the Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI market. EDDI is a crucial source of iodine, primarily used in animal feed as a supplement to prevent and treat iodine deficiency disorders in livestock. As awareness of the detrimental effects of iodine deficiency on animal health and productivity grows, the demand for effective iodine supplementation rises. Governments and agricultural industries worldwide are increasingly implementing strategies to combat this deficiency, driving the adoption of iodine fortified feeds. This sustained focus on animal health and performance directly translates into increased consumption of EDDI, fueling its market expansion. The long term trend indicates continued growth as food security and animal welfare remain high priorities.
Aquaculture Industry Drives EDDI Demand
The aquaculture industry's expansion is a key driver for global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI demand. As fish farming intensifies, there's a heightened need for effective disease prevention and treatment solutions to ensure healthy aquatic populations and maximize yields. EDDI, prized for its iodine content and antimicrobial properties, is increasingly integrated into fish feeds and water treatments. It helps combat bacterial and fungal infections common in crowded aquaculture environments, contributing to improved fish health and reduced mortality rates. This direct correlation means sustained growth in aquaculture translates to higher consumption of EDDI. Environmental regulations and consumer preferences for healthier, disease free seafood further amplify EDDI’s utility and adoption within the sector.
Rising Animal Feed Consumption Boosts EDDI Growth
Global EDDI demand is significantly influenced by increasing animal feed consumption. Ethylenediamine dihydriodide serves as a crucial iodine source in animal nutrition. As global meat and dairy production expands, driven by population growth and changing dietary preferences, the need for efficient animal farming rises. Supplementing animal feed with iodine through EDDI improves animal health, growth rates, and reproductive performance, leading to higher yields. Consequently, a direct correlation exists: greater animal feed production and usage necessitates more EDDI to ensure adequate iodine levels in livestock and poultry diets. This continuous upward trend in animal agriculture directly fuels the growth of the EDDI market worldwide.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market
Expanding Applications in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries
The pharmaceutical and chemical industries are experiencing an increasing demand for Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI due to its versatile applications. In pharmaceuticals, EDDI is crucial as a source of iodide, a key component in various medications, especially those for thyroid conditions and antiseptic formulations. Its high purity and consistent performance are vital for drug manufacturing processes and ensuring product efficacy and safety. Within the chemical sector, EDDI serves as an intermediate in synthesizing a wide range of organic compounds. It plays a role in producing specialized chemicals, dyes, and other industrial products where the incorporation of iodide is essential. This expansion in both sectors is a significant catalyst for EDDI market growth.
Rising Demand for Thyroid Health Supplements and Animal Feed
The increasing awareness of thyroid health in both humans and livestock is a significant driver for the Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market. Thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism, are prevalent globally, prompting a surge in demand for effective nutritional support. EDDI is a crucial source of iodine, an essential micronutrient for proper thyroid hormone synthesis. This makes EDDI a key ingredient in supplements formulated to support human thyroid function and in animal feed to prevent iodine deficiencies in livestock. Healthy thyroid function in animals translates to better growth, reproduction, and overall well being, driving its inclusion in agricultural practices. The growing emphasis on preventative health and optimizing animal performance directly fuels the demand for EDDI.
Technological Advancements and Increasing R&D Investments
Technological advancements and increasing research and development investments are propelling the global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI market forward. Innovations in synthesis methods are leading to more efficient and cost effective production of EDDI. Researchers are continuously exploring new applications for EDDI beyond its traditional uses as a source of iodine in animal feed. These investigations are uncovering novel properties and functionalities that expand EDDI's utility in pharmaceuticals disinfectants and specialty chemicals. Increased R&D funding supports these exploratory efforts accelerating the development of higher purity EDDI variants and formulations tailored for specific industrial needs. This continuous innovation cycle broadens the market reach and strengthens demand for EDDI.
Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Restraints
Stringent Regulatory Hurdles for Iodine-Based Compounds
Stringent regulatory hurdles for iodine-based compounds significantly restrain the global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI market. Authorities worldwide impose rigorous standards for the production, handling, and application of iodine compounds due to potential health and environmental impacts. Manufacturers face prolonged and costly approval processes requiring extensive data submission on safety, efficacy, and environmental impact assessments. These regulations necessitate significant investment in research and development to meet compliance requirements, often leading to delays in product commercialization. Furthermore, varying international regulations create complex market entry barriers and complicate global supply chains for EDDI producers. The continuous need to adapt to evolving regulatory landscapes adds substantial operational overhead, impacting profitability and hindering market expansion.
Volatile Raw Material Pricing and Supply Chain Disruptions
The global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI market faces significant headwinds from volatile raw material pricing and supply chain disruptions. Iodine, a critical component in EDDI production, is subject to unpredictable price fluctuations driven by mining output, geopolitical events affecting major producers, and shifting industrial demand. These price swings directly impact production costs for manufacturers, making long term financial planning and consistent product pricing challenging.
Furthermore, the intricate global supply chains for iodine and other chemical precursors are highly susceptible to disruptions. Port congestion, shipping delays, labor shortages, and unexpected geopolitical events can all interrupt the timely delivery of essential raw materials. Such interruptions lead to production delays, increased transportation costs, and potential stockouts, thereby limiting the ability of EDDI manufacturers to meet customer demand consistently. This instability creates uncertainty for both producers and buyers within the EDDI market.
Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Opportunities
Unlocking New Demand: EDDI as a Critical Micronutrient for Global Aquaculture Health and Productivity
The opportunity centers on EDDI's pivotal role as an essential iodine source for aquaculture. Iodine is a critical micronutrient governing thyroid hormone production in aquatic species like fish and shrimp. These hormones are vital for optimal growth, metabolism, reproductive success, and robust immune responses. Inadequate iodine supply leads to stunted development, compromised immunity, increased susceptibility to diseases, and higher mortality rates within farmed populations. By strategically incorporating EDDI into aquaculture feeds, producers can significantly enhance the health, vitality, and productivity of their aquatic livestock. This application directly addresses a fundamental nutritional requirement, mitigating common challenges faced by the aquaculture industry. As global demand for seafood continues to escalate, driven by population growth and dietary shifts, the need for efficient and healthy farming practices intensifies. EDDI emerges as an indispensable input, unlocking substantial new demand by enabling more sustainable and economically viable aquaculture operations worldwide, transforming it into a critical component for future food security.
Beyond Animal Feed: Capitalizing on EDDI's High-Purity Applications in Pharmaceutical and Specialty Chemical Synthesis
Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI traditionally finds primary application in animal feed, but a significant, emerging opportunity exists in high-purity synthesis. Shifting focus beyond bulk feed additives to specialized pharmaceutical and specialty chemical synthesis opens lucrative new markets. Pharmaceutical manufacturers require extremely pure EDDI as a critical reagent or intermediate for drug development and production, where even trace impurities are unacceptable and can impact drug efficacy and patient safety. Similarly, the specialty chemical sector demands high-grade EDDI for synthesizing complex molecules, catalysts, and advanced materials used across various high-value industries, including electronics, agrochemicals, and performance polymers.
This pivot towards high-purity applications allows EDDI producers to move up the value chain. Capitalizing involves investing in advanced purification technologies and rigorous quality control to meet the stringent specifications of these sophisticated industries. Suppliers offering certified high-purity EDDI can command premium pricing, differentiate their products, and access stable, less price-sensitive demand. This strategy enables diversification of revenue streams and positions EDDI manufacturers for substantial growth by serving vital, innovation-driven sectors globally.
Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Application
- •Agriculture
- •Pharmaceuticals
- •Chemical Manufacturing
- •Animal Feed
- •Textiles
By Form
- •Liquid
- •Solid
- •Powder
By End Use Sector
- •Agricultural Sector
- •Food and Beverage Industry
- •Healthcare Sector
- •Industrial Applications
By Distribution Channel
- •Direct Sales
- •Online Sales
- •Wholesale
Segment Share By Application
Share, By Application, 2025 (%)
- Animal Feed
- Agriculture
- Pharmaceuticals
- Chemical Manufacturing
- Textiles

www.makdatainsights.com
Why is Animal Feed dominating the Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market?
The significant demand from the animal feed industry, holding a substantial 62.5% market share, is primarily driven by the essential role of EDDI as a source of iodine for livestock nutrition. Iodine is crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis, impacting animal growth, reproduction, and overall health. With increasing global protein consumption and advanced animal husbandry practices, preventing iodine deficiency in livestock, particularly poultry, swine, and cattle, underscores EDDI's indispensable value in feed formulations.
What implications do the various forms of EDDI have for market adoption?
The availability of EDDI in solid, powder, and liquid forms directly influences its suitability across different applications and end use sectors. While solid and powder forms offer ease of handling and precise dosing for feed manufacturing and pharmaceutical formulations, liquid EDDI might cater to specific industrial or agricultural applications requiring different mixing and dispersion properties. The versatility in form allows manufacturers to choose the most efficient and cost effective option for their production processes.
How do distribution channels influence the reach and accessibility of EDDI?
The distribution channel segmentation highlights how EDDI reaches its diverse end users. Direct sales are crucial for large volume clients, particularly in the agricultural sector and chemical manufacturing, ensuring technical support and tailored solutions. Wholesale channels serve a broader range of smaller to medium sized businesses, offering convenience and bulk purchasing options. Online sales, while perhaps smaller currently, provide an emerging avenue for niche applications or smaller quantity requirements, expanding geographic reach and market accessibility.
Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Regulatory and Policy Environment Analysis
The global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI market navigates a complex regulatory landscape primarily shaped by its application as an iodine source in animal feed. Key regions enforce stringent chemical substance registration and approval processes. In the European Union, REACH regulations govern EDDI s manufacturing, import, and use, requiring comprehensive safety data and risk assessments. The United States Food and Drug Administration FDA regulates EDDI as an animal drug or feed additive, setting specific purity standards, dosage limits, and labeling requirements for its inclusion in livestock feed. Similarly, Asian markets like China and India have their own national feed additive regulations, necessitating product registration and adherence to prescribed maximum residue limits. Environmental protection agencies worldwide also scrutinize EDDI’s handling, storage, and waste disposal to prevent ecological contamination. Occupational safety standards mandate detailed Material Safety Data Sheets and robust workplace exposure controls. Compliance with these diverse and evolving international and national frameworks is crucial for market access and sustained growth, influencing product formulation, manufacturing practices, and supply chain logistics.
Which Emerging Technologies Are Driving New Trends in the Market?
Innovations in the Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market are driven by advancements in synthesis and application. Emerging greener manufacturing processes are enhancing purity and sustainability, reducing environmental footprints and production costs. Enhanced bioavailability formulations, including microencapsulation and liposomal delivery systems, are gaining traction, improving therapeutic efficacy in nutritional supplements and veterinary medicine. These innovations address challenges related to absorption and stability, expanding EDDI's utility beyond traditional uses.
New diagnostic technologies for iodine deficiency are creating a more precise demand for tailored EDDI supplementation, fostering product development in personalized healthcare. Furthermore, research into novel antiseptic and disinfectant applications leveraging EDDI's iodine content is opening new market segments, particularly in specialized medical and agricultural settings. The integration of advanced analytical techniques ensures higher quality control, meeting stringent regulatory requirements. This focus on purity, efficiency, and expanded utility underpins the market's robust expansion.
Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Regional Analysis
Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market
Trends, by Region

North America Market
Revenue Share, 2025
www.makdatainsights.com
Dominant Region
North America · 38.2% share
North America dominates the Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market with a significant 38.2% market share. This leadership position is primarily driven by the region's robust animal feed industry, particularly in poultry and swine production where EDDI is crucial for iodine supplementation. Stringent regulatory frameworks in North America ensuring animal health and welfare further solidify EDDI's demand. The presence of key manufacturers and advanced production capabilities also contributes to the region's strong market presence. Growing consumer awareness regarding animal nutrition and rising demand for high quality meat products continue to fuel EDDI consumption across the United States and Canada.
Fastest Growing Region
Asia Pacific · 6.8% CAGR
Asia Pacific emerges as the fastest growing region in the Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI market, projected to expand at a robust CAGR of 6.8% from 2026 to 2035. This accelerated growth is primarily fueled by the burgeoning pharmaceutical and animal feed industries across the region. Increasing demand for pharmaceutical intermediates and the rising need for iodine supplementation in livestock are key drivers. Furthermore, expanding healthcare infrastructure, coupled with a growing awareness of nutritional deficiencies, particularly in developing economies like China and India, contributes significantly to this upward trajectory. Local manufacturing capabilities and favorable government initiatives supporting pharmaceutical production also play a pivotal role in propelling Asia Pacific to the forefront of EDDI market expansion.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitical tensions in key production regions for iodine, a primary EDDI component, directly impact supply chains and raw material costs. Trade disputes between major economic blocs could lead to tariffs on EDDI or its precursors, raising prices and potentially causing regional supply gluts or shortages. Political instability in manufacturing hubs, particularly concerning labor or environmental regulations, further affects production capacity and operational expenses, impacting market competitiveness and profitability. Regulatory changes concerning animal feed additives or human health supplements incorporating EDDI also represent significant geopolitical hurdles.
Macroeconomic factors, including inflation and interest rate hikes, influence manufacturing costs, transportation, and consumer purchasing power. A strong US dollar makes EDDI more expensive for international buyers, potentially shifting demand to alternative iodine sources. Economic slowdowns in major agricultural or pharmaceutical markets, where EDDI finds application, directly depress demand. Conversely, growth in these sectors can spur market expansion. Currency fluctuations also play a critical role in pricing and international trade dynamics for this specialized chemical compound.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
Tosoh Corporation announced a strategic partnership with a leading pharmaceutical company to develop new high-purity EDDI grades specifically for advanced medical imaging applications. This collaboration aims to innovate EDDI formulations to meet stringent regulatory requirements and enhance diagnostic precision.
- January 2025
Dow launched a new sustainable production initiative for their EDDI portfolio, focusing on reducing carbon footprint and energy consumption in manufacturing processes. This initiative aligns with growing market demand for environmentally responsible chemical solutions and strengthens Dow's commitment to sustainability.
- November 2024
AkzoNobel completed the acquisition of a specialized iodine derivatives manufacturer, expanding their raw material supply chain for EDDI production and diversifying their product offerings. This strategic move is expected to enhance AkzoNobel's market position and ensure greater control over crucial precursor materials.
- February 2025
Amines & Plasticizers Ltd. unveiled a new state-of-the-art production facility in India, significantly increasing their manufacturing capacity for EDDI to cater to rising demand in the APAC region. This expansion is designed to improve supply chain efficiency and better serve the rapidly growing animal nutrition and pharmaceutical sectors.
Key Players Analysis
Tosoh Corporation and Dow lead the EDDI market, driving innovation with advanced synthesis technologies. AkzoNobel and Nouryon focus on sustainable production methods. Strategic initiatives like capacity expansions and new product development by Amines & Plasticizers Ltd. and Global Chemical Company fuel market growth. Evonik Industries and Arkema emphasize R&D, contributing to diverse applications. Chemours and Huntsman leverage their extensive distribution networks, collectively meeting rising demand in pharmaceuticals and other sectors.
List of Key Companies:
- Tosoh Corporation
- Dow
- AkzoNobel
- Amines & Plasticizers Ltd.
- Nouryon
- Global Chemical Company
- Arkema
- Chemours
- Huntsman
- Evonik Industries
- Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company
- Lanxess
- Jungbunzlauer
- Ichemco
- BASF
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 0.48 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 0.79 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 6.2% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Sector, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Sector, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Sector, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Sector, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Sector, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Sector, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Ethylenediamine Dihydriodide EDDI Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
