Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By Source (Synthetic, Bio-Based), By End Use (Construction, Automotive, Consumer Goods, Textiles), By Application (Plasticizers, Adhesives, Coatings, Sealants, Inks), By Formulation Type (Solvent-Based, Water-Based, Powder-Based), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market is projected to grow from USD 1.84 Billion in 2025 to USD 2.91 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 4.7% from 2026 through 2035. DPHP is a high molecular weight, general purpose phthalate plasticizer known for its excellent durability, low volatility, and good heat and chemical resistance. This robust market growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for flexible PVC products across various industries, particularly in construction, automotive, and wire and cable applications. DPHP's superior performance characteristics, such as its ability to enhance the longevity and performance of PVC articles, make it a preferred choice over other plasticizers, especially in demanding environments. The rising urbanization and industrialization in developing economies further fuel this demand, as infrastructure development necessitates extensive use of PVC products. Additionally, the growing adoption of DPHP in medical devices due to its safety profile and compliance with stringent regulatory standards presents another significant driver. However, the market faces headwinds from increasing environmental scrutiny and the ongoing debate surrounding phthalate plasticizers. Regulatory pressures in developed regions to limit or ban certain phthalates could restrain market expansion, although DPHP is generally considered a safer alternative among phthalates.
Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035
2025 - 2035
www.makdatainsights.com
A key trend shaping the DPHP market is the shift towards sustainable plasticizer solutions. While DPHP offers improved environmental and health profiles compared to some conventional phthalates, research and development efforts are increasingly focused on bio-based or non-phthalate alternatives. Despite this, DPHP continues to hold a strong position due to its cost-effectiveness and proven performance. Another notable trend is the expanding application scope of DPHP beyond traditional PVC uses, including its integration into coatings, adhesives, and sealants, driven by its versatile properties. Opportunities for market players lie in capitalizing on the growing demand for durable and long-lasting plastic products, especially in emerging economies. Furthermore, strategic partnerships and collaborations to innovate and develop DPHP formulations that address evolving regulatory landscapes and performance requirements will be crucial for sustained growth. The market also presents opportunities for manufacturers to optimize production processes and supply chains to enhance cost efficiency and market competitiveness.
Asia Pacific stands as the dominant region in the DPHP market, primarily due to the rapid industrialization, burgeoning construction sector, and expanding automotive manufacturing base in countries like China and India. This region benefits from a large consumer base and significant investments in infrastructure development, which drives the demand for PVC products. Moreover, lenient environmental regulations in some parts of Asia Pacific compared to Western counterparts contribute to the higher production and consumption of DPHP. Correspondingly, Asia Pacific is also projected to be the fastest-growing region, propelled by continued economic growth, increasing disposable incomes, and the ongoing expansion of manufacturing capacities across various end-use industries. Key players in this market, such as Eastman Chemical Company, Taizhou Yongli Chemical, Zhejiang Jianye Chemical, INEOS, ShinEtsu Chemical, SABIC, Perstorp, Solvay, ExxonMobil, and MOL Group, are focusing on strategic expansions, product innovation, and strengthening their distribution networks to capture the burgeoning demand. These companies are also investing in research and development to offer high-performance DPHP grades that meet specific application needs and adhere to evolving global standards, aiming to maintain their competitive edge in this dynamic market.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 1.84 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 2.91 BillionLeading Segment:
Plasticizers (88.5% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
Asia Pacific (45.8% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
4.7%
What is Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP)?
Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate or DPHP is a high molecular weight phthalate plasticizer. It is a colorless, oily liquid used primarily to make polyvinyl chloride PVC flexible. DPHP enhances the pliability and workability of PVC, making it suitable for a wide range of applications such as cables, flooring, roofing membranes, and automotive interiors. Its chemical structure provides good heat stability and permanence, making it a desirable alternative to other phthalates in durable goods. DPHP's significance lies in its ability to impart flexibility to rigid plastics, extending their utility across various industrial and consumer products.
What are the Trends in Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market
Sustainable DPHP Alternatives Driving Innovation
Circular Economy Principles Shaping DPHP Production
Regulatory Scrutiny Intensifying DPHP Market Dynamics
Asia Pacific Emerges as DPHP Demand Catalyst
Sustainable DPHP Alternatives Driving Innovation
Sustainable DPHP alternatives are sparking innovation. Manufacturers seek eco-friendly, high-performance plasticizers, driving research into bio-based and non-phthalate options. This shift is fueled by increasing environmental regulations and consumer demand for safer products. Emerging technologies focus on developing durable, flexible, and cost-effective alternatives to reduce the environmental impact of traditional DPHP while maintaining product quality and meeting diverse application needs in various industries.
Circular Economy Principles Shaping DPHP Production
Circular economy principles are reshaping DPHP production. Manufacturers are innovating to reduce waste and utilize renewable resources throughout the lifecycle of DPHP. This involves exploring sustainable feedstock alternatives, optimizing production processes for efficiency, and developing recycling programs for DPHP containing products. The focus is shifting towards designing DPHP for longevity and end of life recovery minimizing environmental impact.
Regulatory Scrutiny Intensifying DPHP Market Dynamics
Growing regulatory scrutiny regarding phthalate safety is profoundly impacting the DPHP market. Stricter environmental and health regulations are driving manufacturers to reformulate or seek alternative plasticizers. This intensifies product development pressure and alters competitive landscapes, prioritizing compliant and sustainable solutions globally for DPHP users and producers.
Asia Pacific Emerges as DPHP Demand Catalyst
Asia Pacific's expanding construction and automotive sectors drive DPHP demand. Increased demand for flexible PVC products, where DPHP acts as a plasticizer, is fueled by infrastructure development and rising vehicle production across the region. This growth solidifies Asia Pacific as a key catalyst for the global DPHP market.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market
Growing Demand for Flexible PVC Products
Strict Regulatory Pressure Driving Phthalate Replacements
Expansion of Construction and Automotive Industries
Technological Advancements and Product Innovation
Growing Demand for Flexible PVC Products
The increasing need for versatile polyvinyl chloride products significantly boosts the di-2-propylheptyl phthalate market. DPHP enhances the flexibility and durability of PVC across numerous applications. From automotive components to medical devices and construction materials, the demand for adaptable PVC drives higher consumption of this key plasticizer. This trend supports continuous expansion of the global DPHP market.
Strict Regulatory Pressure Driving Phthalate Replacements
Intensified scrutiny from governmental and environmental agencies globally is compelling industries to reduce or eliminate phthalates like DPHP. This regulatory push, driven by health and environmental concerns, is a primary catalyst for companies to seek and adopt alternative plasticizers. Businesses are adapting to avoid legal penalties and maintain consumer trust.
Expansion of Construction and Automotive Industries
Growing construction and automotive sectors drive DPHP demand. Construction needs DPHP for PVC flooring, roofing, and cables due to its plasticizing properties. In automotive, DPHP enhances flexibility and durability in dashboards, interior trims, and underbody coatings. This expansion directly increases DPHP consumption in various applications within both industries.
Technological Advancements and Product Innovation
Manufacturers continuously develop advanced DPHP formulations offering superior performance properties like better flexibility, heat resistance, and lower volatility. These innovative products cater to evolving industry needs, particularly in automotive, construction, and healthcare, driving increased adoption and expanding the DPHP market. Research into sustainable production methods further enhances market appeal.
Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Restraints
Stringent Environmental Regulations on Phthalates
Strict environmental regulations governing phthalate use represent a significant restraint. These rules, aimed at mitigating health and environmental risks associated with phthalates like DPHP, impose limitations on their application across various industries. Such restrictions often lead to increased compliance costs, the need for alternative plasticizers, and potential market access barriers for DPHP manufacturers, impacting overall market growth and demand.
Increased Adoption of Phthalate-Free Plasticizers
The growing preference for phthalate free plasticizers, driven by health and environmental concerns, directly limits the demand for DPHP. As more industries and consumers opt for alternatives, the adoption of DPHP decreases. Regulatory pressures and consumer awareness campaigns further reinforce this shift, acting as a significant restraint on the global DPHP market. This trend compels manufacturers to explore and invest in non phthalate plasticizer solutions.
Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Opportunities
DPHP's Growing Market Share Driven by Global Phthalate Regulations and Safety Demands
DPHP's market share is expanding significantly due to increasingly stringent global phthalate regulations. As industries worldwide are compelled to seek safer plasticizer alternatives to traditional, restricted phthalates, DPHP emerges as a preferred choice. This critical shift is driven by heightened safety demands and health concerns across diverse applications. Manufacturers are actively replacing legacy phthalates with DPHP, especially in the rapidly growing Asia Pacific region, boosting its adoption and market growth as a compliant and secure high performance option for various consumer and industrial products.
Unlocking New Growth Avenues for DPHP in High-Performance Automotive and Construction Applications
DPHP offers a significant opportunity by substantially expanding its utilization in advanced automotive components and robust construction materials. Its superior performance, including enhanced heat resistance, improved flexibility, and extended durability, positions it perfectly for demanding applications within these critical industries. This allows for the creation of higher performing, longer lasting products, directly fueling new market demand. Targeting the evolving, high specification requirements in dynamic regions, especially Asia Pacific, will unlock substantial revenue streams and solidify DPHP's market position. This strategic expansion is key for sustained growth.
Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Application
- •Plasticizers
- •Adhesives
- •Coatings
- •Sealants
- •Inks
By End Use
- •Construction
- •Automotive
- •Consumer Goods
- •Textiles
By Formulation Type
- •Solvent-Based
- •Water-Based
- •Powder-Based
By Source
- •Synthetic
- •Bio-Based
Segment Share By Application
Share, By Application, 2025 (%)
- Plasticizers
- Adhesives
- Coatings
- Sealants
- Inks
www.makdatainsights.com
Why are Plasticizers dominating the Global Di 2 Propylheptyl Phthalate DPHP Market?
DPHP's excellent plasticizing properties, offering flexibility, durability, and processing ease, make it indispensable across numerous polymer applications, particularly in PVC. Its ability to impart superior cold temperature performance, low volatility, and chemical resistance positions it as a preferred choice for a wide range of flexible PVC products. This widespread adoption in essential materials drives its substantial market share within the application segment.
How does the Construction end use segment influence DPHP demand?
The Construction sector is a primary consumer of DPHP, largely due to its extensive use in flexible PVC products like flooring, roofing membranes, wire and cable insulation, and profiles. DPHP enhances the longevity and performance of these materials, crucial for infrastructure and building projects. The continuous global growth in construction activities, coupled with the need for durable and high performance building materials, directly translates into sustained and significant demand for DPHP within this end use category.
What is the significance of the Formulation Type and Source segments for DPHP?
While Solvent Based formulations currently hold a larger share reflecting traditional usage, the market is seeing a growing emphasis on Water Based formulations due to increasing environmental regulations and a preference for safer, lower VOC products. Simultaneously, the Synthetic source category overwhelmingly dominates DPHP production. However, Bio Based alternatives, though nascent, represent a future oriented segment driven by sustainability initiatives and consumer demand for eco conscious materials, hinting at potential diversification over the long term.
What Regulatory and Policy Factors Shape the Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market
The global DPHP market navigates a dynamic regulatory environment. The European Union, via REACH, generally views DPHP as a safer, non-classified alternative to other phthalates, leading to fewer restrictions. Nevertheless, all phthalates face continuous scrutiny. In the United States, federal agencies evaluate chemicals under TSCA, while some individual states implement stricter chemical policies. Asia Pacific markets, experiencing growth in DPHP adoption, are developing their own regulatory frameworks, often influenced by international best practices and increasing environmental concerns. Globally, the trend leans towards greater chemical oversight. Industry players consistently emphasize DPHP’s favorable safety profile and compliance with existing standards across diverse applications, managing an evolving landscape of chemical risk assessment.
What New Technologies are Shaping Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market?
The Global DPHP market sees innovation primarily in process optimization and sustainability. Manufacturers are exploring greener synthesis routes and energy efficient production technologies to reduce environmental footprint and operational costs. Emerging technologies focus on developing advanced DPHP formulations offering superior performance attributes like improved low temperature flexibility, enhanced UV resistance, and reduced migration in sensitive applications. Material science advancements are also contributing to DPHP variants that meet evolving regulatory standards globally. Furthermore, circular economy principles are influencing research into DPHP recycling and its integration into new plasticizer blends. These innovations aim to bolster DPHP’s competitive edge against alternative plasticizers, ensuring its continued relevance across diverse end use sectors.
Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Regional Analysis
Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market
Trends, by Region
Asia-Pacific Market
Revenue Share, 2025
www.makdatainsights.com
North America significantly drives the DPHP market, fueled by robust demand in vinyl flooring, wire & cable, and automotive interiors. The region's advanced manufacturing capabilities and stringent performance requirements for flexible PVC applications contribute to sustained adoption. While environmental scrutiny prompts innovation in alternative plasticizers, DPHP remains a cost-effective and high-performing choice for various industrial and consumer goods. Regulatory frameworks, particularly in the US and Canada, influence usage patterns and drive market shifts towards specialized formulations, ensuring DPHP's continued, albeit evolving, presence in the North American polymer industry.
Europe is a mature yet significant market for DPHP, driven by its well-established manufacturing base for PVC and high regulatory scrutiny. Environmental concerns and circular economy initiatives exert considerable pressure, fostering innovation in alternative plasticizers and bio-based solutions. However, the performance and cost-effectiveness of DPHP maintain its demand in various applications, particularly in flooring, automotive interiors, and cables, where durability and flexibility are paramount. Regional demand is further influenced by varying national regulations regarding chemical usage and waste management practices. The market is also shaped by a strong focus on sustainability and responsible sourcing within the European industrial landscape.
Asia Pacific dominates the DPHP market with a substantial 45.8% share, driven by robust industrial expansion and burgeoning demand for plasticizers in various applications. The region is also the fastest-growing, projected to expand at a remarkable CAGR of 6.8%. This rapid growth is fueled by booming construction, automotive, and electronics sectors, particularly in emerging economies like China and India, which are experiencing significant infrastructure development and increased manufacturing output. The strong presence of DPHP producers and a favorable regulatory landscape further bolster the region's leading position and growth trajectory.
Latin America’s DPHP market sees robust demand, driven by construction and automotive sectors. Brazil leads, fueled by PVC processing and plasticizer consumption in flooring and wire insulation. Mexico follows, buoyed by its growing manufacturing base and increased demand for flexible PVC products like synthetic leather and cables. Argentina and Colombia also contribute, albeit on a smaller scale, reflecting regional infrastructure development and industrial expansion. Local production is limited, with most DPHP imported. Regulatory landscapes, while evolving, currently support continued growth, positioning Latin America as a key consumption region for DPHP.
The Middle East & Africa DPHP market is experiencing steady growth, driven by increasing demand from the construction and automotive sectors. Saudi Arabia, UAE, and South Africa are key regional players, fueled by infrastructure development and manufacturing expansion. However, regulatory scrutiny regarding phthalate use in certain applications presents a moderating factor. The region also sees a rising trend towards localized production to cater to specific industrial needs and reduce import reliance. Economic diversification initiatives across the GCC further support the nascent but promising growth trajectory for DPHP in MEA.
Top Countries Overview
United States DPHP market shows significant growth driven by industrial demand for plasticizers and flexible PVC production. Regulatory scrutiny regarding phthalates impacts market dynamics and necessitates exploring alternatives, yet DPHP maintains strong presence due to cost effectiveness and versatile applications in various sectors.
China dominates the global DPHP market with robust domestic production and increasing export capacity. Its large chemical industry drives significant domestic consumption and supply, making it a critical player in global DPHP pricing and availability. Growth is tied to economic development.
India’s DPHP market, though smaller globally, shows promising growth. Its expanding plasticizer consumption, particularly in PVC, automotive, and construction sectors, is driving demand. Local manufacturing capacity is increasing, aiming to reduce import dependency and cater to domestic industry needs, marking India as a rising player.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitical tensions, particularly US China relations and potential trade wars, significantly impact DPHP raw material sourcing and end product demand. Increased scrutiny on phthalates in Europe and North America, driven by environmental and health concerns, influences regulatory landscapes and market access. Geopolitical stability is crucial for uninterrupted supply chains and investment in production facilities.
Macroeconomic conditions, including global GDP growth and industrial production across automotive, construction, and electronics sectors, directly drive DPHP consumption. Inflationary pressures on energy and chemical feedstocks like phthalic anhydride and 2 propylheptanol affect production costs and pricing strategies. Exchange rate fluctuations also play a vital role in import export dynamics and profitability for international players.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
Eastman Chemical Company announced a strategic partnership with a leading automotive interior manufacturer to develop next-generation PVC formulations utilizing DPHP. This collaboration aims to enhance the durability and low-VOC properties of automotive components, meeting increasingly stringent industry standards.
- June 2025
Zhejiang Jianye Chemical completed an expansion of its DPHP production capacity at its facility in China. This strategic initiative is in response to growing demand from the burgeoning construction and wire & cable sectors in Asia, solidifying their position as a key regional supplier.
- September 2024
INEOS introduced a new grade of DPHP specifically engineered for use in high-performance flooring applications. This product launch targets the commercial and industrial flooring markets, offering enhanced flexibility and resistance to wear and tear.
- November 2024
SABIC and Perstorp announced a joint research initiative focused on exploring circular economy solutions for DPHP production. This partnership aims to investigate new methods for recycling DPHP and developing bio-based alternatives, aligning with broader sustainability goals.
- February 2025
ExxonMobil acquired a minority stake in a specialized European compounding company focused on medical-grade PVC products. This strategic acquisition allows ExxonMobil to expand its reach into the high-value medical market by leveraging DPHP's critical role in flexible PVC for healthcare applications.
Key Players Analysis
Eastman Chemical and ExxonMobil lead the DPHP market, leveraging integrated production and advanced phthalate technologies to ensure consistent supply and high quality. ShinEtsu and SABIC focus on expanding their global footprint and developing sustainable alternatives, while Zhejiang Jianye and Taizhou Yongli compete with cost efficient production and regional market dominance in Asia. INEOS, Solvay, and Perstorp emphasize strategic partnerships and product diversification, often exploring niche applications and next generation plasticizers. MOL Group’s backward integration into petrochemicals strengthens their competitive edge, while all players are driven by the growing demand for flexible PVC across construction, automotive, and medical industries, balancing innovation with regulatory compliance.
List of Key Companies:
- Eastman Chemical Company
- Taizhou Yongli Chemical
- Zhejiang Jianye Chemical
- INEOS
- ShinEtsu Chemical
- SABIC
- Perstorp
- Solvay
- ExxonMobil
- MOL Group
- BASF
- LG Chem
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 1.84 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 2.91 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 4.7% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation Type, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Source, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation Type, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Source, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation Type, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Source, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation Type, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Source, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation Type, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Source, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Formulation Type, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Source, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Di-2-Propylheptyl Phthalate (DPHP) Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035