
Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By Material Type (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer, Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer, Hybrid Composite), By Application (General Aviation, Commercial Aviation, Military Aviation, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), By Propeller Design (Fixed Pitch Propellers, Variable Pitch Propellers, Constant Speed Propellers), By End Use (Private Aircraft, Cargo Aircraft, Passenger Aircraft), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market is projected to grow from USD 1.85 Billion in 2025 to USD 3.42 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 7.6% from 2026 through 2035. This growth is underpinned by the increasing demand for lightweight, high-performance, and fuel-efficient components in the aerospace industry. Composite aviation propellers, leveraging materials such as carbon fiber and fiberglass, offer superior strength-to-weight ratios, reduced vibration, enhanced fatigue life, and lower noise emissions compared to traditional metallic propellers. The market encompasses a wide array of applications, from general aviation and commercial aircraft to military drones and regional jets. Key drivers include the robust expansion of the general aviation sector, a significant uptick in regional aircraft deliveries, and the relentless pursuit of operational cost reductions by airlines. Furthermore, stringent environmental regulations pushing for quieter and more fuel-efficient aircraft are accelerating the adoption of composite solutions. However, high initial manufacturing costs and complex repair processes for composite materials present notable restraints to market expansion. Opportunities abound in the development of advanced manufacturing techniques like additive manufacturing for complex geometries and in the integration of smart sensors for real-time performance monitoring and predictive maintenance.
Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035

2025 - 2035
www.makdatainsights.com
North America stands as the dominant region in the composite aviation propeller market, primarily due to the strong presence of major aerospace manufacturers, robust R&D infrastructure, and a significant fleet of general aviation aircraft. The region benefits from substantial investment in aviation technology and a well-established supply chain for composite materials. Conversely, Asia Pacific is identified as the fastest-growing region, driven by burgeoning air travel demand, increasing regional aircraft production, and rising defense spending across countries like China and India. The rapid modernization of aviation infrastructure and the establishment of new maintenance, repair, and overhaul facilities are further fueling this regional growth. The leading segment within the market is General Aviation, reflecting the widespread adoption of composite propellers in personal aircraft, business jets, and training aircraft, where performance, weight savings, and maintenance simplicity are paramount. This segment's growth is consistently supported by technological advancements and the introduction of new aircraft models designed with composite components from inception.
The competitive landscape of the Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market features prominent players such as AeroComp, Pipistrel, Cleveland Propeller, Duncan Aviation, Parker Hannifin, McCauley Propeller Systems, Allied Aircraft, Sensenich Propeller Manufacturing, Woodward, and Hartzell Propeller. These companies are employing various strategic initiatives to solidify their market positions, including product innovation, capacity expansion, and strategic partnerships. For instance, many are investing heavily in research and development to introduce lighter and more durable propeller designs, often incorporating advanced aerodynamic profiles. Mergers and acquisitions are also common, enabling companies to expand their product portfolios, gain access to new technologies, and strengthen their regional presence. Moreover, manufacturers are increasingly focusing on providing comprehensive aftermarket services, including maintenance, repair, and overhaul, to build stronger customer relationships and ensure sustained revenue streams. The emphasis on customizing solutions for diverse aircraft types and operational requirements is also a key strategy, allowing players to cater to niche market demands and differentiate their offerings from competitors.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 1.85 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 3.42 BillionLeading Segment:
General Aviation (42.5% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
North America (38.2% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
7.6%
Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Emerging Trends and Insights
Sustainable Aviation Composites Elevating Propeller Innovation
Sustainable aviation composites are driving propeller innovation in the global market. Manufacturers are increasingly integrating lightweight yet robust materials like advanced carbon fiber reinforced polymers into propeller designs. This shift is motivated by the desire to reduce fuel consumption and emissions without compromising performance or safety. These new composites enable the creation of more aerodynamic and complex blade geometries, optimizing thrust and reducing drag. The enhanced strength to weight ratio allows for larger diameter propellers or thinner, more efficient airfoils, directly contributing to improved aircraft range and reduced noise pollution. The trend signifies a commitment to greener aviation solutions, with composite advancements at the forefront of evolving propeller technology for next generation aircraft.
Electrification Drive Propelling Advanced Composite Designs
The global composite aviation propeller market is significantly influenced by the electrification drive. As aircraft designs increasingly incorporate electric and hybrid electric propulsion systems, the demand for specialized propeller solutions rises. These new propulsion systems operate at different RPMs and torque characteristics compared to traditional combustion engines. Consequently, there's a strong push for advanced composite designs that can optimize efficiency, reduce noise, and manage unique vibration profiles associated with electric motors. Composites offer the customizable stiffness, strength, and lightweight properties essential for creating highly aerodynamically efficient blades that can maximize the performance and range of electric aircraft. This trend is propelling innovation in composite materials and manufacturing techniques to meet the evolving demands of quieter, more efficient electric flight.
Additive Manufacturing Reshaping Propeller Production
Additive manufacturing, particularly with composite materials, is revolutionizing propeller production in the aviation sector. This trend allows for the creation of complex, previously unattainable geometries and internal structures within propellers. By building components layer by layer, manufacturers can optimize aerodynamic profiles and reduce weight, directly translating to improved fuel efficiency and performance for aircraft. The ability to customize designs rapidly and produce on demand is also shortening development cycles and enabling faster iteration of prototypes. Furthermore, this technology minimizes material waste compared to traditional subtractive methods, aligning with sustainability goals. The precision and design freedom offered by additive manufacturing are fundamentally altering how composite propellers are conceived, engineered, and manufactured, leading to lighter, stronger, and more aerodynamically efficient solutions across various aircraft platforms.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market
Increasing Demand for Fuel-Efficient and Lightweight Aircraft Components
The aviation industry is experiencing a significant shift towards sustainability and operational efficiency, driven by increasing demand for fuel efficient and lightweight aircraft. Airlines and manufacturers are actively seeking innovative solutions to reduce fuel consumption and lower emissions, directly impacting the design and material selection of aircraft components. Composite materials offer a compelling advantage over traditional metals due to their superior strength to weight ratio. This inherent characteristic translates into lighter propellers, which in turn require less energy to rotate, leading to substantial fuel savings over an aircraft's operational lifespan. Furthermore, lightweight components contribute to an overall reduction in aircraft weight, enhancing performance capabilities and extending range. The emphasis on these efficiency gains is a key factor propelling the adoption of composite aviation propellers across new aircraft programs and retrofit initiatives.
Advancements in Composite Material Technology and Manufacturing Processes
Ongoing progress in composite material science and manufacturing techniques is a primary driver for the global composite aviation propeller market. Innovations in fiber reinforced polymers, resins, and core materials yield lighter, stronger, and more durable propeller blades. Advanced automation, such as robotic winding and automated fiber placement, reduces production costs and enhances quality consistency. New curing processes improve material properties and shorten manufacturing cycles. These advancements enable the creation of propellers with superior aerodynamic efficiency, reduced noise, and extended lifespan compared to traditional metal counterparts. Consequently, airlines and aircraft manufacturers increasingly adopt composite propellers due to their performance benefits, fuel efficiency gains, and lower maintenance requirements, fostering market expansion.
Growing Focus on Reducing Noise Pollution and Enhancing Propeller Performance
Aviation stakeholders are increasingly prioritizing the reduction of noise pollution stemming from aircraft operations. This growing focus directly impacts composite propeller development. Conventional propellers contribute significantly to an aircraft's acoustic footprint. Manufacturers are therefore investing heavily in research and development to design composite propellers that are inherently quieter. This involves optimizing blade profiles, materials, and tip designs to minimize aerodynamic noise generation. Concurrently, there is a strong push to enhance propeller performance, leading to greater fuel efficiency and improved thrust. Quieter, more efficient propellers are a key selling point for aircraft manufacturers and operators, making this a significant driver for the global composite aviation propeller market.
Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Restraints
Stringent Regulatory Certifications and Testing Requirements
The global composite aviation propeller market faces a significant restraint from stringent regulatory certifications and testing requirements. Aviation components, particularly propellers, must meet rigorous safety and performance standards established by authorities like the FAA and EASA. Manufacturers invest heavily in extensive design validation, material testing, and flight trials to demonstrate compliance. This process is time consuming and expensive, involving complex documentation and multiple stages of approval. Each new propeller design or significant material alteration necessitates re certification, adding substantial lead times and development costs. The high bar for airworthiness approval limits market entry for new players and extends product development cycles for established companies, ultimately slowing innovation and market expansion within this critical segment.
High Research and Development Costs and Long Product Development Cycles
Developing cutting edge composite aviation propellers demands substantial financial investment in research and development. This includes materials science, aerodynamic modeling, and advanced manufacturing processes. The high costs are compounded by the lengthy product development cycles inherent in the aviation industry. Each new design requires rigorous testing, certification from regulatory bodies, and extensive validation to ensure safety and performance under extreme conditions. This iterative process of design, prototype, test, and refine extends the time to market considerably. Consequently, manufacturers face a significant hurdle in recouping these large upfront expenditures and must carefully manage their resources throughout these protracted development timelines.
Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Opportunities
Optimizing Performance & Fuel Efficiency: Capitalizing on the Demand for Advanced Composite Propellers in Next-Gen Aircraft and Fleet Modernization
The opportunity centers on fulfilling the strong demand for advanced composite propellers, which are pivotal for optimizing aircraft performance and fuel efficiency. These propellers offer significant advantages like lighter weight, superior strength, reduced vibration, and improved aerodynamics compared to traditional metal counterparts. Such characteristics directly translate into substantial operational benefits for airlines and operators.
For next generation aircraft, composite propellers are essential in achieving critical goals for reduced fuel consumption, lower emissions, and extended range, supporting sustainable aviation from inception. Concurrently, extensive global fleet modernization initiatives present another robust demand driver. Airlines are actively upgrading existing aircraft to cut operating costs and prolong service life. Replacing older propellers with advanced composites immediately improves fuel economy, reduces maintenance burdens, and contributes to quieter operations. This dual demand from new builds and existing fleet enhancements, particularly strong in rapidly expanding regions like Asia Pacific, positions manufacturers delivering innovative composite solutions to capitalize on the industry's drive for greener, more economical air travel.
Silent Wings & Sustainable Skies: The Expanding Market for Composite Propellers in Urban Air Mobility, UAVs, and Emerging Electric Aviation
The opportunity "Silent Wings & Sustainable Skies" highlights a rapidly expanding market for composite propellers driven by the transformative growth in Urban Air Mobility (UAM), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and emerging electric aviation. These innovative sectors demand propulsion systems offering superior efficiency, reduced noise, and lightweight durability. Composite propellers deliver these critical attributes, enabling extended flight ranges and greater payload capacities for UAVs while providing the crucial low acoustic footprint necessary for public acceptance and regulatory compliance in urban environments for UAM. Their inherent strength to weight ratio and aerodynamic efficiency are also vital for maximizing battery life and operational viability in nascent electric aircraft. This convergence of new air mobility paradigms and the demand for quieter, greener flight solutions creates immense potential for manufacturers, positioning composite propellers as essential components for the next generation of sustainable aerial transportation across global markets.
Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Application
- •General Aviation
- •Commercial Aviation
- •Military Aviation
- •Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
By Material Type
- •Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer
- •Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer
- •Hybrid Composite
By Propeller Design
- •Fixed Pitch Propellers
- •Variable Pitch Propellers
- •Constant Speed Propellers
By End Use
- •Private Aircraft
- •Cargo Aircraft
- •Passenger Aircraft
Segment Share By Application
Share, By Application, 2025 (%)
- General Aviation
- Commercial Aviation
- Military Aviation
- Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

www.makdatainsights.com
Why is General Aviation dominating the Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market?
General Aviation commands a substantial share due to its vast fleet diversity and demand for enhanced performance. This segment encompasses a wide array of aircraft, from private planes and business jets to training aircraft and agricultural sprayers. Composite propellers offer significant advantages here, including reduced weight for improved fuel efficiency, lower noise levels for increased comfort, and enhanced durability requiring less maintenance. The constant drive for innovation and efficiency in this segment consistently fuels the adoption of advanced composite solutions.
How do material types influence product development in composite aviation propellers?
Material types are pivotal in shaping the performance and cost structures of composite propellers. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer CFPR leads with its exceptional strength to weight ratio and fatigue resistance, making it ideal for high performance applications. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer GFPR offers a more cost effective solution with good impact strength, suitable for less demanding roles. Hybrid composites strategically combine these materials, allowing manufacturers to optimize propellers for specific operational requirements, balancing performance, durability, and cost efficiency across different aircraft types and applications.
What is the significance of propeller design choices across various aviation applications?
Propeller design choices are critical for optimizing aircraft performance and operational profiles. Fixed pitch propellers are simpler and more economical, commonly found in many general aviation aircraft where operational flexibility is less critical. Variable pitch and constant speed propellers, however, allow pilots to adjust blade angle for optimal thrust and engine efficiency across different flight regimes, from takeoff to cruise. This adaptability is highly valued in commercial and military aviation, as well as higher end general aviation, where performance versatility and fuel economy significantly impact operational costs and mission effectiveness.
Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Regulatory and Policy Environment Analysis
The global composite aviation propeller market operates within a stringent regulatory framework dictated by agencies like the FAA, EASA, and ICAO. Airworthiness directives and certification standards are paramount, encompassing propeller design, material qualification, manufacturing processes, and structural integrity for composite materials. Regulators meticulously evaluate composite fatigue life, damage tolerance, and repair methodologies to ensure ultimate safety and reliability. Environmental policies, particularly those focused on noise reduction and emissions, increasingly influence propeller development, favoring lighter, more efficient composite designs. Furthermore, strict MRO regulations govern maintenance and repair protocols, requiring certified technicians and approved composite repair schemes. Export controls on advanced aviation components, including composite propellers, represent another critical policy area. Adherence to these international and national regulations is essential for market entry, product innovation, and sustained operational approval, driving continuous advancements in composite material science and manufacturing precision.
Which Emerging Technologies Are Driving New Trends in the Market?
The global composite aviation propeller market thrives on continuous technological advancement. Innovations in material science are paramount, leveraging advanced carbon fiber and thermoplastic composites for enhanced strength to weight ratios and superior fatigue resistance. Manufacturing processes are rapidly evolving with increased adoption of automated fiber placement and out of autoclave techniques, streamlining production and reducing costs. Additive manufacturing offers unprecedented design freedom, enabling complex geometries for optimized aerodynamic efficiency and integrated functionalities like noise reduction features.
Emerging technologies focus on intelligent designs. Smart materials with embedded sensors provide real time structural health monitoring and predictive maintenance capabilities, boosting operational safety and efficiency. Furthermore, propeller designs are adapting to new aircraft paradigms such as hybrid electric and electric vertical takeoff and landing eVTOL vehicles, demanding quieter, more efficient, and lighter propulsion solutions. These advancements collectively drive performance improvements and expand application across diverse aviation segments.
Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Regional Analysis
Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market
Trends, by Region

North America Market
Revenue Share, 2025
www.makdatainsights.com
Dominant Region
North America · 38.2% share
North America stands as the dominant region in the global composite aviation propeller market, holding a substantial 38.2% market share. This leadership is primarily attributed to a robust aerospace manufacturing base, significant investments in research and development, and a large installed base of general aviation and business aircraft. The presence of key propeller manufacturers and a strong demand for high performance, lightweight components further solidify its position. Strict aviation regulations and an emphasis on fuel efficiency also drive the adoption of advanced composite propellers across the region. The continuous technological advancements and strong aftermarket support contribute significantly to North America’s sustained dominance.
Fastest Growing Region
Asia Pacific · 9.2% CAGR
Asia Pacific is poised to be the fastest growing region in the global composite aviation propeller market, projected to expand at an impressive CAGR of 9.2% from 2026 to 2035. This remarkable growth is fueled by several key factors. Rapid urbanization and increasing disposable incomes across nations like China and India are driving a significant surge in air travel demand. Consequently, there is a heightened emphasis on modernizing existing aircraft fleets and acquiring new ones, many of which utilize advanced composite propellers for improved fuel efficiency and reduced weight. Furthermore, the region's burgeoning aerospace manufacturing capabilities and government initiatives promoting domestic aviation infrastructure development are creating a fertile ground for market expansion. The rising adoption of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles UAVs in various sectors also contributes significantly to this accelerated growth.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitically, the Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market faces complexities from intensifying great power competition. Sanctions and trade barriers, especially impacting Russia and China, disrupt supply chains for critical materials like carbon fiber and resins, leading to price volatility and potential component shortages. Shifting alliances and geopolitical stability directly influence defense spending and commercial aviation growth, with heightened tensions potentially boosting military propeller demand while dampening commercial aircraft orders due to reduced international travel and investment uncertainty. Export controls on advanced aerospace technology by nations like the United States and European Union further constrain market access and technology transfer, impacting manufacturing capabilities and innovation in developing aerospace markets.
Macroeconomically, the market is highly sensitive to global GDP growth and airline profitability. Economic downturns reduce passenger traffic and cargo demand, prompting airlines to defer aircraft purchases or extend existing fleet lifespans, thus decreasing demand for new propellers and MRO services. Interest rate fluctuations impact financing costs for aircraft acquisitions, influencing airline investment decisions. Furthermore, exchange rate volatility affects the cost of imported components and the competitiveness of exports, posing challenges for manufacturers with international supply chains. Inflationary pressures on raw materials, labor, and energy also squeeze profit margins across the industry.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
Hartzell Propeller announced a strategic partnership with Allied Aircraft to develop and certify advanced composite propellers for a new generation of regional turboprop aircraft. This collaboration aims to leverage Hartzell's extensive experience in propeller design with Allied Aircraft's innovative airframe technology to improve fuel efficiency and reduce noise.
- January 2025
AeroComp unveiled its latest line of lightweight, high-performance composite propellers specifically designed for the burgeoning urban air mobility (UAM) market. These new propellers feature optimized aerodynamic profiles and advanced manufacturing techniques to meet the demanding requirements of eVTOL aircraft, emphasizing safety and low acoustic signature.
- November 2024
Parker Hannifin completed the acquisition of Cleveland Propeller, a move aimed at expanding its composite propeller manufacturing capabilities and market reach in the general aviation sector. This acquisition integrates Cleveland Propeller's specialized expertise in smaller aircraft composite solutions with Parker Hannifin's broader aerospace portfolio.
- April 2025
Sensenich Propeller Manufacturing announced a significant investment in a new automated composite manufacturing facility. This strategic initiative is projected to triple their production capacity for advanced composite propellers, allowing them to better serve the growing demand from both experimental and certified aircraft markets.
Key Players Analysis
Key players like Hartzell Propeller and McCauley Propeller Systems lead with established market presence and advanced manufacturing. AeroComp and Pipistrel innovate with lightweight composite materials for UAVs and electric aircraft, driving demand for fuel efficient solutions. Parker Hannifin and Woodward focus on integrated propeller control systems. Strategic initiatives include R&D in noise reduction and sustainable materials, fueled by the growing commercial and military aerospace sectors and increasing demand for performance optimized propulsion.
List of Key Companies:
- AeroComp
- Pipistrel
- Cleveland Propeller
- Duncan Aviation
- Parker Hannifin
- McCauley Propeller Systems
- Allied Aircraft
- Sensenich Propeller Manufacturing
- Woodward
- Hartzell Propeller
- HeliFlight
- MTPropeller Entwicklung
- Dynamic Propeller Services
- Sullivan Propeller
- GSC Aviation
- Prince Aviation Propellers
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 1.85 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 3.42 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 7.6% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Propeller Design, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Propeller Design, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Propeller Design, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Propeller Design, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Propeller Design, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Propeller Design, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Composite Aviation Propeller Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
