
Global BCI EEG Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By End Use (Clinical, Research, Consumer Electronics), By Technology (Electroencephalography, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetoencephalography), By Application (Healthcare, Gaming, Communication, Defense, Smart Home), By Device Type (Invasive BCI, Non-invasive BCI, Semi-invasive BCI), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global BCI EEG Market is projected to grow from USD 2.9 Billion in 2025 to USD 9.8 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 14.2% from 2026 through 2035. This market encompasses the technologies and devices that enable direct communication pathways between the brain and external devices, primarily utilizing electroencephalography EEG for signal acquisition. The market is propelled by a confluence of factors, including the increasing prevalence of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and stroke, which create a strong demand for assistive and rehabilitative technologies. Furthermore, significant advancements in signal processing algorithms, miniaturization of EEG sensors, and the growing interest in neuroprosthetics and human machine interfaces are acting as crucial market drivers. The leading segment within this market is non invasive BCI, demonstrating its dominance due to ease of use, lower invasiveness, and reduced risks compared to invasive alternatives, making it more appealing for a wider range of applications from medical to consumer electronics. Current trends indicate a shift towards wireless and portable BCI EEG systems, enhancing user comfort and accessibility.
Global BCI EEG Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035

2025 - 2035
www.makdatainsights.com
Despite the promising growth trajectory, the BCI EEG market faces several restraints. High initial costs associated with advanced BCI systems, coupled with the complexity of data interpretation and the need for specialized expertise, can hinder broader adoption. Ethical concerns surrounding privacy and data security, particularly with brain activity monitoring, also pose a significant challenge. However, these challenges concurrently open up substantial opportunities. The burgeoning field of neurogaming and virtual reality offers new avenues for BCI EEG integration, allowing for more immersive and interactive user experiences. Moreover, the application of BCI EEG in mental health monitoring, cognitive enhancement, and personalized education presents considerable untapped potential. Strategic collaborations between technology companies and healthcare providers are becoming increasingly common, fostering innovation and accelerating market penetration.
North America stands as the dominant region in the global BCI EEG market, driven by robust research and development activities, significant investments in healthcare infrastructure, and the early adoption of advanced medical technologies. The presence of key market players and a high awareness of neurological conditions further contribute to its leading position. Conversely, Asia Pacific is emerging as the fastest growing region, fueled by rising healthcare expenditures, a large patient population, and increasing governmental support for medical technology development. Countries within this region are witnessing rapid technological advancements and a growing interest in BCI EEG for both clinical and consumer applications. Key players such as Advanced Brain Monitoring, Unity Technologies, Medtronic, Nexstim, Neurable, NeuroSky, Authenticite, BrainCo, OpenBCI, and g.tec Medical Engineering are actively engaging in product innovation, strategic partnerships, and mergers and acquisitions to solidify their market positions and expand their global footprint. These strategies aim to address evolving market needs and capitalize on emerging opportunities across diverse end user segments, including healthcare, defense, and consumer electronics.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 2.9 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 9.8 BillionLeading Segment:
Non-invasive BCI (92.4% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
North America (38.2% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
14.2%
What is BCI EEG?
BCI EEG is a noninvasive brain computer interface system that utilizes electroencephalography to record brain electrical activity. It decodes these brain signals, typically specific patterns or event related potentials, into commands that can control external devices or software. This technology allows individuals to interact with computers or assistive technologies solely through their thoughts, bypassing muscular activity. Significance lies in its potential for restoring communication and control for individuals with severe motor impairments, enhancing human computer interaction, and advancing neurorehabilitation strategies. Applications range from operating robotic prosthetics and wheelchairs to playing video games and controlling smart home devices directly from brain activity.
What are the Trends in Global BCI EEG Market
Wearable BCI EEG for Consumer Wellness
AI Powered Neuromodulation with EEG Feedback
Gaming and Metaverse Integration of BCI EEG
Remote Neurorehabilitation via EEG Platforms
Personalized Brain Health Monitoring BCI
Wearable BCI EEG for Consumer Wellness
Consumers are increasingly embracing wearable BCI EEG devices as tools for personal wellness. This trend is driven by a desire for data driven self improvement and a growing awareness of brain health. These accessible, non invasive devices offer individuals insights into their mental states, stress levels, and sleep patterns. Users can track brain activity in real time, gaining feedback on meditation practices, focus exercises, and cognitive performance. The technology empowers individuals to optimize their daily routines, manage stress more effectively, and improve sleep quality. Applications extend to neurofeedback gaming for enhanced concentration and guided meditation programs for relaxation. This shift from clinical settings to everyday personal use underscores a broader societal embrace of biofeedback for proactive health management and mental well being.
AI Powered Neuromodulation with EEG Feedback
AI powered neuromodulation with EEG feedback is an exciting advancement in Brain Computer Interface EEG technology. This trend signifies a shift towards more sophisticated and personalized therapeutic and assistive applications. Algorithms are leveraging vast amounts of EEG data to precisely identify and target specific brain regions and neural circuits.
Real time EEG feedback plays a crucial role. It allows the AI system to dynamically adapt stimulation parameters based on the individual's brain responses. This creates a closed loop system where the neuromodulation is continuously optimized for efficacy and safety. For instance, in treating neurological disorders or enhancing cognitive functions, the AI can fine tune stimulation intensity, frequency, or pulse patterns in real time, leading to more targeted and potentially more effective interventions. This iterative learning process enhances the precision and personalization of brain stimulation.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global BCI EEG Market
Advancements in EEG Technology and Signal Processing
Increasing Prevalence of Neurological Disorders and Mental Health Conditions
Growing Investment in Neurotechnology Research and Development
Expanding Applications of BCI EEG in Healthcare and Beyond
Rising Demand for Non-Invasive Brain-Computer Interface Solutions
Advancements in EEG Technology and Signal Processing
Innovations in EEG hardware are making devices more portable, comfortable, and affordable, expanding accessibility for wider user adoption. Enhanced electrode designs improve signal acquisition quality and reduce artifacts, leading to more reliable brain activity measurements. Simultaneously, breakthroughs in signal processing algorithms are revolutionizing how EEG data is analyzed. Advanced machine learning techniques can now extract subtle neural patterns with greater precision, enabling more accurate decoding of user intent and cognitive states. These advancements translate into improved responsiveness and functionality of BCI systems, making them more practical and user friendly across diverse applications from healthcare to entertainment.
Increasing Prevalence of Neurological Disorders and Mental Health Conditions
The growing burden of neurological disorders and mental health conditions is a significant driver for the global BCI EEG market. Conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, epilepsy, stroke, depression, and anxiety are increasingly prevalent worldwide, affecting millions. These conditions often lead to severe cognitive, motor, and emotional impairments, significantly impacting quality of life. Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have limitations, creating a demand for more advanced and non invasive solutions. BCI EEG technologies offer innovative ways to monitor brain activity, diagnose these disorders earlier, and develop personalized interventions. They hold promise for restoring lost functions, improving communication, and providing new therapeutic avenues, thus attracting substantial investment and research interest. This pressing need for better management and treatment fuels the adoption and development of BCI EEG devices.
Growing Investment in Neurotechnology Research and Development
Growing investment in neurotechnology research and development significantly propels the global BCI EEG market. Increased funding from government initiatives, private venture capitalists, and pharmaceutical companies fuels innovation in brain computer interface (BCI) and electroencephalography (EEG) technologies. This financial backing supports groundbreaking studies, clinical trials, and the development of sophisticated devices. Researchers are able to explore novel applications in healthcare, such as advanced prosthetics, communication aids for individuals with severe paralysis, and improved diagnostic tools for neurological disorders. Furthermore, R&D drives miniaturization, enhanced signal processing, and user friendly designs, making BCI EEG systems more accessible and effective. This continuous influx of investment accelerates technological advancements and broadens the scope of BCI EEG applications across various sectors.
Global BCI EEG Market Restraints
Lack of Standardized Protocols and Regulations
The absence of uniform protocols and regulations significantly hinders the global BCI EEG market. Without clear, internationally recognized standards for data acquisition, processing, and interpretation, companies face challenges in developing compatible devices and software. This lack of standardization complicates product development, regulatory approval processes, which vary widely across regions, and obstructs market entry. It also creates uncertainty for end users and clinicians regarding device performance and reliability, hindering widespread adoption. Furthermore, the absence of common ethical and safety guidelines poses risks related to data privacy and misuse, delaying the establishment of trust and consumer confidence in BCI EEG technologies. This fragmentation ultimately slows down innovation and market expansion.
High Cost of EEG Equipment and Limited Reimbursement
The elevated acquisition cost of sophisticated EEG devices for Brain Computer Interface applications significantly impedes market expansion. Hospitals and clinics, particularly in developing regions, face substantial capital expenditure when investing in this technology. This financial burden is compounded by insufficient or limited reimbursement policies from insurance providers and governmental healthcare programs.
The high upfront investment coupled with inadequate compensation for services rendered creates a financial disincenty for healthcare facilities to adopt and widely implement BCI EEG solutions. Consequently, fewer institutions are able to afford the necessary equipment, restricting patient access to these advanced diagnostic and therapeutic tools. This dual pressure of high equipment cost and poor reimbursement substantially constrains the global BCI EEG market's growth potential.
Global BCI EEG Market Opportunities
Expanding Clinical Applications of EEG-BCI for Neurological Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies
Brain Computer Interface technology using EEG presents a significant opportunity to transform neurological care. Expanding its clinical applications involves leveraging these systems for enhanced rehabilitation post stroke, spinal cord injury, and other conditions, promoting neural plasticity and motor recovery. Beyond rehabilitation, EEG BCI offers powerful assistive technologies enabling individuals with severe paralysis to communicate, control prosthetics, and interact with their environment, thereby greatly improving their quality of life and independence.
This expansion means broadening BCI's integration into standard clinical practice, reaching new patient populations globally. There is immense potential in developing more user friendly, affordable, and robust BCI solutions tailored for diverse neurological impairments. The demand for innovative therapies and assistive devices for an aging population and increasing prevalence of neurological disorders is a strong catalyst. Further research and development will unlock advanced diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities, cementing EEG BCI's role as a pivotal tool in modern neurological medicine and fostering substantial market growth.
Consumer and Enterprise Adoption of EEG-BCI for Cognitive Enhancement and Mental Wellness
The global BCI EEG market presents a significant opportunity in the widespread adoption of EEG-BCI technology for cognitive enhancement and mental wellness. Consumers are increasingly seeking non-invasive tools to improve focus, memory, and learning abilities, alongside managing stress, anxiety, and sleep quality. This growing demand fuels the development of user-friendly, wearable EEG devices designed for personal use. Simultaneously, enterprises are recognizing the potential to integrate these solutions to boost employee productivity, reduce workplace stress, and foster overall well-being. Companies can capitalize by offering tailored BCI platforms, applications, and services that address these specific needs, from neurofeedback training for athletes and students to corporate wellness programs. The rising awareness of brain health and the accessibility of advanced sensor technology create fertile ground for market expansion across diverse demographics. This dual-pronged adoption promises substantial growth for innovators in the BCI EEG space.
Global BCI EEG Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Application
- •Healthcare
- •Gaming
- •Communication
- •Defense
- •Smart Home
By Device Type
- •Invasive BCI
- •Non-invasive BCI
- •Semi-invasive BCI
By Technology
- •Electroencephalography
- •Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •Magnetoencephalography
By End Use
- •Clinical
- •Research
- •Consumer Electronics
Segment Share By Application
Share, By Application, 2025 (%)
- Healthcare
- Gaming
- Communication
- Defense
- Smart Home

www.makdatainsights.com
Why is Non-invasive BCI the leading device type in the Global BCI EEG Market?
Non-invasive BCI significantly dominates the market, capturing an impressive 92.4% share, primarily due to its accessibility, safety, and non surgical nature. This segment utilizes external sensors like EEG caps, making it highly appealing for broad applications across research, consumer electronics, and early clinical interventions, bypassing the complexities and risks associated with invasive and semi-invasive methods. Its user friendliness fosters wider adoption and faster innovation cycles.
How do technology and end use segments shape the market landscape?
Within the technology segment, Electroencephalography EEG stands out as a core method, offering a balance of temporal resolution and portability crucial for real world BCI applications. This technology largely underpins the non invasive dominance. Concurrently, the End Use segments are bifurcated into Clinical, Research, and Consumer Electronics. Research and Consumer Electronics drive significant demand, particularly for Non invasive BCI, pushing innovation in areas like gaming and smart home devices before broader clinical validation.
Which application areas are driving the growth and diversification of BCI EEG technology?
The Application segment reveals diverse opportunities, with Healthcare, Gaming, Communication, Defense, and Smart Home emerging as key areas. Healthcare applications, including rehabilitation and assistive technologies, are critical for long term market evolution. However, consumer facing segments like Gaming and Smart Home applications are significant growth drivers, leveraging the convenience of non invasive BCI to integrate brain computer interfaces into everyday life, making the technology more mainstream and accessible to a wider user base.
What Regulatory and Policy Factors Shape the Global BCI EEG Market
The global Brain Computer Interface EEG market navigates a complex regulatory landscape primarily categorizing devices as Class II or Class III medical technologies. Agencies such as the US FDA, European Medicines Agency EMA, and China NMPA enforce rigorous pre market approval pathways demanding substantial evidence of safety and efficacy. Compliance with these diverse national and regional frameworks is crucial for market entry and expansion.
Data privacy and security represent paramount policy considerations. Regulations like the EU GDPR and US HIPAA stringently govern the collection, storage, processing, and transfer of sensitive neurophysiological data, necessitating robust cybersecurity measures and transparent user consent. Ethical guidelines addressing cognitive privacy, data ownership, and potential neurological alteration also influence policy development, often preceding formal legislation.
Reimbursement policies vary significantly, impacting market access and adoption. Lack of established reimbursement codes or pathways can impede commercialization, particularly for innovative therapeutic applications. Furthermore, evolving international standards for device interoperability and data formats are gradually shaping the competitive environment and fostering market integration. Compliance burdens and evolving ethical debates remain central to the industry's sustained growth.
What New Technologies are Shaping Global BCI EEG Market?
The Global BCI EEG market is rapidly evolving, propelled by pivotal innovations and emerging technologies. Significant advancements include the widespread adoption of dry electrodes, which vastly improve user convenience by eliminating the need for gels and extensive skin preparation, thereby enhancing accessibility for both clinical and consumer use. Miniaturization and robust wireless connectivity are transforming devices into highly portable and discreet solutions, fostering integration into daily life and remote monitoring scenarios.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms are revolutionizing signal processing and interpretation, enabling more accurate decoding of neural intentions and improving system responsiveness. This AI integration is fundamental for creating adaptive, personalized brain computer interface solutions across diverse applications. Enhanced neurofeedback mechanisms, coupled with real time data analytics via cloud computing, are further refining therapeutic and performance optimization tools. These technological leaps are collectively driving market expansion and diversifying BCI EEG applications across healthcare, gaming, and assistive technologies.
Global BCI EEG Market Regional Analysis
Global BCI EEG Market
Trends, by Region

North America Market
Revenue Share, 2025
www.makdatainsights.com
Dominant Region
North America · 38.2% share
North America unequivocally dominates the Global BCI EEG market, commanding a significant 38.2% market share. This leadership is propelled by a confluence of robust factors. The region boasts an advanced healthcare infrastructure and substantial research and development investment, particularly within the neural technology sector. A high concentration of key market players, both established giants and innovative startups, further fuels this dominance. Academic institutions and private companies actively collaborate on cutting edge BCI EEG research, accelerating technological advancements and driving early adoption. Furthermore, favorable regulatory frameworks and strong intellectual property protection encourage innovation and investment. The high awareness and acceptance of advanced medical technologies among healthcare professionals and patients also contribute to North America's strong market position.
Fastest Growing Region
Asia Pacific · 21.3% CAGR
Asia Pacific is poised to be the fastest growing region in the global BCI EEG market, driven by a remarkable CAGR of 21.3% during the forecast period of 2026-2035. This accelerated expansion is attributed to several key factors. Rapid technological adoption across emerging economies is fueling demand for advanced neurological monitoring solutions. Furthermore, increasing awareness regarding neurodegenerative disorders and the benefits of early diagnosis using EEG technology is propelling market growth. Significant investments in healthcare infrastructure and rising disposable incomes within countries like China, India, and Japan are also contributing to the region's prominent position. The presence of a large patient pool and burgeoning research and development activities further solidify Asia Pacific's leadership in this innovative market segment.
Top Countries Overview
The U.S. leads the global BCI EEG market, driven by significant R&D investment and a robust medical technology sector. Key players include academic institutions and private companies innovating in diagnostics, therapeutics, and consumer applications. Strong government funding and a large patient pool contribute to market expansion and technological advancements, positioning the U.S. at the forefront of this emerging field.
China is a pivotal player in the global BCI EEG market, driven by its large patient population and strong government support for medical device innovation. Significant domestic investment and a growing number of local manufacturers are boosting the market. However, regulatory complexities and fierce international competition pose challenges for both domestic and foreign companies operating in the region.
India is a burgeoning market for BCI and EEG technologies, driven by increasing neurological disorders and growing awareness. The global market sees India as a significant growth driver, especially with its large population and developing healthcare infrastructure. Domestic companies and international players are investing, with a focus on affordable and accessible solutions. However, challenges like low penetration and the need for greater research remain.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitical tensions involving key semiconductor manufacturing regions could disrupt the supply chain for EEG components, particularly advanced BCI systems requiring specialized processors. Export controls and trade wars between major powers might further fragment the market, forcing regionalization of production and potentially increasing costs for manufacturers and end-users. Regulatory divergence regarding data privacy and medical device approval across jurisdictions could also create barriers to market entry and slow the adoption of BCI EEG technologies globally.
Macroeconomic factors, including inflation and interest rate hikes, will influence investment in R&D for next generation BCI EEG devices, potentially delaying innovation. Healthcare budget constraints in developed economies could limit adoption, while emerging markets, despite growing demand, may face affordability challenges. Economic downturns could also reduce consumer willingness to invest in non-essential BCI EEG applications, impacting growth in segments like neurogaming or wellness. Increased demand for personalized medicine and digital health solutions, however, provides a counterbalancing growth driver.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
Unity Technologies announced a strategic partnership with Neurable to integrate Neurable's advanced AI-powered BCI algorithms directly into Unity's development platform. This collaboration aims to provide game developers and XR creators with more accessible and robust tools for developing brain-computer interface experiences.
- January 2025
Medtronic acquired Authenticite, a startup specializing in non-invasive EEG for cognitive assessment and neurofeedback therapy. This acquisition strengthens Medtronic's portfolio in neurological diagnostics and treatment, particularly in areas related to mental health and cognitive rehabilitation.
- February 2025
OpenBCI launched a new open-source, high-density EEG headset, the 'Galea X', designed for research and developer communities. This product aims to push the boundaries of accessible neuroscience research by offering significantly higher spatial resolution and signal fidelity at a competitive price point.
- April 2025
g.tec Medical Engineering announced a strategic initiative to expand its clinical trial support services for BCI-based neurorehabilitation devices. This move is in response to increasing demand from medical device companies seeking to accelerate the regulatory approval process for their innovative BCI solutions.
- May 2025
BrainCo unveiled its next-generation 'FocusFit Pro' BCI headband, targeting the consumer wellness and mental performance market. The device incorporates improved dry electrode technology and real-time neurofeedback algorithms to help users enhance concentration and manage stress.
Key Players Analysis
The Global BCI EEG Market sees key players like Medtronic and Nexstim, focusing on advanced neurostimulation and TMS respectively, driving clinical applications. Neurable and NeuroSky are innovators in consumer BCI and wearable EEG, expanding market access. OpenBCI and g.tec Medical Engineering provide research grade hardware and software, fostering academic and early stage development. Unity Technologies is crucial for immersive VR/AR integrations, enhancing BCI interaction. Strategic initiatives involve partnerships for wider adoption and continuous innovation in signal processing and AI for improved accuracy, propelling market growth across medical, consumer, and research sectors.
List of Key Companies:
- Advanced Brain Monitoring
- Unity Technologies
- Medtronic
- Nexstim
- Neurable
- NeuroSky
- Authenticite
- BrainCo
- OpenBCI
- g.tec Medical Engineering
- CureMetrix
- Cognionics
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre
- Wave Neuroscience
- Emotiv
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 2.9 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 9.8 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 14.2% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Device Type, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Device Type, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Device Type, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Device Type, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Device Type, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Device Type, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Technology, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa BCI EEG Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
