Global Asafoetida Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By Distribution Channel (Online Retail, Supermarkets, Specialty Stores, Pharmacies), By End Use (Household, Food Industry, Pharmaceuticals), By Application (Food Flavoring, Medicinal Use, Traditional Cooking, Dietary Supplements), By Form (Powder, Granules, Sticks), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Asafoetida Market is projected to grow from USD 0.48 Billion in 2025 to USD 0.85 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 6.2% from 2026 through 2035. Asafoetida, a dried latex extracted from the taproot of several species of Ferula, holds significant value as a spice and traditional medicine. The market is primarily driven by its increasing adoption in various culinary traditions, particularly in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisines, where it is highly valued for its unique pungent aroma and flavor-enhancing properties, often used as a substitute for onion and garlic. Rising consumer awareness regarding its health benefits, including digestive aid and anti-inflammatory properties, further fuels market expansion. Additionally, the growing demand for natural food additives and a shift towards healthier ingredient choices contribute significantly to market growth. However, market growth is somewhat constrained by the limited availability of raw materials, which are primarily sourced from Afghanistan and Iran, and the challenges associated with maintaining consistent quality and supply chain logistics. Adulteration concerns in some regions also pose a restraint, impacting consumer trust and product premiumization.
Global Asafoetida Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035
2025 - 2035
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The market presents significant opportunities through product innovation, such as the development of gluten-free asafoetida and convenience formats like asafoetida drops or liquid concentrates, catering to evolving consumer preferences and dietary restrictions. Expanding applications beyond traditional culinary uses into pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, driven by research into its bioactive compounds, offers another promising avenue for growth. The Asia Pacific region holds a dominant position in the global asafoetida market, primarily attributed to the deep-rooted cultural and culinary significance of asafoetida in countries like India, where it is an indispensable ingredient in a wide array of dishes. The large consumer base and established traditional medicine practices in the region further solidify its leading share. In contrast, Europe is emerging as the fastest-growing region, driven by increasing awareness of ethnic cuisines, the rising popularity of vegan and vegetarian diets, and growing interest in natural health products among European consumers.
Key players in the market, including Hindustan Unilever, Oasis Spices, Vasant Foods, and Himalaya Herbals, are strategically focusing on product diversification, enhancing supply chain reliability, and expanding their distribution networks to reach a broader consumer base. Many are investing in sustainable sourcing practices to mitigate supply chain risks and ensure the long-term availability of raw materials. Additionally, companies are emphasizing marketing initiatives to highlight the health benefits and culinary versatility of asafoetida, aiming to penetrate new markets and expand their consumer base. The market is segmented by Application, Form, Distribution Channel, and End Use, with the Food Flavoring segment accounting for the largest share, underscoring its primary role in the culinary industry. This leading position is expected to be maintained due to the widespread adoption of asafoetida in various food preparations globally.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 0.48 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 0.85 BillionLeading Segment:
Food Flavoring (62.8% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
Asia Pacific (65.8% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
6.2%
What is Asafoetida?
Asafoetida is a potent, pungent spice derived from the dried latex of Ferula plants, primarily *Ferula assa-foetida*. Botanically a gum oleoresin, it exudes from incisions made in the plant's roots and stems. Initially strong and onion-garlic like, its aroma mellows considerably upon cooking. It's a crucial ingredient in Indian vegetarian cuisine, particularly in dishes avoiding onion and garlic, lending an umami depth. Medicinally, it's historically used as a digestive aid, carminative, and for its antimicrobial properties. Its unique flavor profile and traditional uses define its significance.
What are the Trends in Global Asafoetida Market
Plant Based Protein Infusion
Gut Health Focus Expansion
Ayurvedic Wellness Integration
Clean Label Consumer Demand
Flavor Innovation Diversification
Plant Based Protein Infusion
The global asafoetida market is witnessing an intriguing trend: Plant Based Protein Infusion. Traditionally, asafoetida's pungency and digestive aid have been its primary draw. However, consumer demand for healthier, functional ingredients is reshaping product development. Manufacturers are now blending asafoetida with various plant proteins, such as pea, soy, or rice protein. This fusion aims to create novel food ingredients that offer both the distinctive umami and aromatic notes of asafoetida, along with the nutritional benefits of high protein content. These infused products are finding applications in savory snacks, meat alternatives, spice blends, and ready to eat meals, appealing to health conscious consumers and those seeking plant derived protein sources. This trend highlights an innovative approach to expand asafoetida's utility beyond its traditional role, transforming it into a versatile component for the growing plant based food industry.
Gut Health Focus Expansion
The Gut Health Focus Expansion trend in the global asafoetida market stems from increasing consumer awareness regarding digestive wellness. As research highlights the gut’s profound impact on overall health including immunity and mood, individuals actively seek functional foods and ingredients. Asafoetida, traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for its digestive properties, is experiencing a resurgence in popularity. Consumers are discovering its carminative and anti inflammatory benefits, which aid in reducing bloating and improving nutrient absorption. This growing recognition positions asafoetida not just as a flavor enhancer but as a natural remedy for supporting a healthy gut microbiome. Food manufacturers are responding by incorporating asafoetida into health conscious product lines, expanding its appeal beyond ethnic cuisines to a broader demographic interested in holistic wellness and digestive support.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Asafoetida Market
Rising Demand from Food & Beverage Industry for Flavoring and Preservative Properties
Expanding Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications Due to Medicinal Benefits
Growing Consumer Awareness of Health Benefits and Traditional Uses
Increasing Adoption in Plant-Based and Vegan Food Products as a Flavor Enhancer
Innovations in Product Forms and Packaging Enhancing Accessibility and Convenience
Rising Demand from Food & Beverage Industry for Flavoring and Preservative Properties
The food and beverage industry's growing need for asafoetida stems from its dual functionality as a flavor enhancer and natural preservative. Manufacturers are increasingly incorporating asafoetida to impart unique umami and pungent notes to a wide array of products, from savory snacks and processed meats to sauces and ethnic cuisines. Its ability to amplify flavors reduces the need for artificial additives, aligning with consumer preferences for cleaner labels. Beyond flavor, asafoetida exhibits antimicrobial properties, extending shelf life and reducing spoilage in perishable food items. This natural preservation capability is particularly valuable in the industry's pursuit of sustainable and healthier ingredient alternatives, driving heightened demand for asafoetida across the globe.
Expanding Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications Due to Medicinal Benefits
Asafoetida's increasing recognition for its medicinal properties is a key growth driver. Traditionally valued in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine for its digestive, carminative, and anti flatulent qualities, modern research is uncovering its potential broader health benefits. These include anti inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects, along with possible applications in managing irritable bowel syndrome, asthma, and even certain cancers. This scientific validation is spurring its incorporation into a wider array of pharmaceutical formulations, from traditional remedies to contemporary drugs. Simultaneously, the growing consumer demand for natural and functional ingredients is leading to its inclusion in various nutraceutical products like dietary supplements, functional foods, and beverages, positioning asafoetida as a valuable component in health and wellness innovations.
Growing Consumer Awareness of Health Benefits and Traditional Uses
Consumers globally are becoming increasingly aware of asafoetida's health benefits, moving beyond its traditional role as a culinary spice. This growing understanding highlights its potential digestive aid properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and other reported therapeutic uses. Social media, health blogs, and readily available information from the wellness industry amplify this awareness, educating individuals about its traditional applications in various cultures for centuries. This heightened consciousness of asafoetida's holistic advantages, including its purported ability to alleviate common ailments and promote general well being, significantly stimulates demand. As more consumers seek natural remedies and preventive health solutions, their interest in asafoetida expands, driving its adoption in both food and pharmaceutical sectors worldwide.
Global Asafoetida Market Restraints
Lack of Standardized Quality and Adulteration Concerns
The global asafoetida market faces a significant restraint from the lack of standardized quality and pervasive adulteration concerns. Consumers frequently encounter variations in potency purity and even the fundamental composition of asafoetida products. This inconsistency stems from diverse processing methods lack of universal grading systems and the deliberate addition of cheaper substitutes or fillers such as gum Arabic rice flour or even harmful chemicals. Without recognized benchmarks and stringent enforcement agencies buyers struggle to differentiate authentic high quality asafoetida from inferior or fake products. This uncertainty erodes consumer trust discourages repeat purchases and hinders the market's overall expansion as consumers become wary of investing in a product with unreliable attributes. The absence of a unified quality framework therefore impedes market growth.
Limited Awareness and Application Beyond Traditional Cuisines
This restraint highlights asafoetida's confinement primarily to South Asian culinary traditions. Consumers in Western countries and other regions often lack familiarity with its unique aroma and flavor profile. Its pungent, onion like notes are not common in many global cuisines, limiting its adoption beyond established markets. Furthermore, its potential as a flavor enhancer or functional ingredient in processed foods, snacks, or even beverages outside of traditional Indian, Pakistani, and Afghani dishes is largely unexplored. Manufacturers and product developers unfamiliar with its properties and applications struggle to incorporate it into novel food products. This restricts its market expansion and keeps demand concentrated within specific cultural groups, hindering broader global acceptance and diversification of its uses.
Global Asafoetida Market Opportunities
Asafoetida's Untapped Potential in Functional Foods and Allergen-Free Cuisine
Asafoetida offers a significant, yet largely unexplored, opportunity within the evolving landscape of functional foods and allergen-free cuisine. Its unique pungent aroma and savory umami profile make it an invaluable natural flavor enhancer, distinct from common spices. Crucially, asafoetida serves as an excellent substitute for onion and garlic, which are frequent triggers for digestive issues and allergens for many individuals. This makes it indispensable for low FODMAP diets and catering to a growing consumer base seeking allergen friendly meal solutions.
Beyond its culinary role, asafoetida possesses historical medicinal properties, particularly recognized for digestive support. This inherent functional benefit positions it ideally for incorporation into health conscious products. Innovators can develop new functional food ingredients, digestive aids, and seasonings that tap into this natural wellness potential. The rising global demand for natural, health promoting ingredients, coupled with increasing dietary restrictions, creates a fertile ground for asafoetida to transcend its traditional applications and become a staple in modern, inclusive food development. This represents a substantial growth pathway.
Global Culinary Expansion: Positioning Asafoetida as a Versatile Plant-Based Flavor Enhancer
The global culinary landscape offers a substantial opportunity for asafoetida, driven by the escalating demand for plant based ingredients. Positioning asafoetida as a versatile, natural flavor enhancer allows it to transcend traditional applications, appealing to a diverse array of international cuisines. Its ability to impart savory, umami notes and serve as a potent substitute for onion and garlic makes it invaluable for vegan and vegetarian cooking worldwide. Regions like Europe, leading the plant forward movement, represent a strategic entry point for broader adoption. Marketing asafoetida beyond its spice identity, as a functional ingredient that adds depth and complexity to various dishes, will unlock new market segments. This involves educating chefs and home cooks about its culinary benefits in broths, sauces, stews, and marinades, establishing it as a clean label, essential pantry staple for modern, health conscious kitchens globally.
Global Asafoetida Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Application
- •Food Flavoring
- •Medicinal Use
- •Traditional Cooking
- •Dietary Supplements
By Form
- •Powder
- •Granules
- •Sticks
By Distribution Channel
- •Online Retail
- •Supermarkets
- •Specialty Stores
- •Pharmacies
By End Use
- •Household
- •Food Industry
- •Pharmaceuticals
Segment Share By Application
Share, By Application, 2025 (%)
- Food Flavoring
- Traditional Cooking
- Medicinal Use
- Dietary Supplements
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Why is Food Flavoring dominating the Global Asafoetida Market?
Asafoetida's unique pungent aroma and umami enhancing properties make it an indispensable spice in various global cuisines, particularly South Asian, Middle Eastern, and Mediterranean cooking. Its ability to add depth and complexity to dishes, especially vegetarian preparations, drives its widespread adoption by households and the commercial food industry. The increasing consumer preference for natural food additives and the rising popularity of ethnic foods further solidify its leading position as a flavor enhancer across numerous culinary applications.
How do distribution channels influence the accessibility and growth of asafoetida?
Supermarkets and specialty stores serve as primary conduits for asafoetida, offering broad reach to household consumers and smaller food businesses seeking ingredients for traditional cooking and flavoring. The expanding online retail segment is also gaining traction, providing convenience and access to a wider variety of forms and brands, particularly appealing to consumers in regions where asafoetida may be less commonly stocked in physical stores. Pharmacies, while niche, cater to its medicinal and supplement applications.
What role does end use play in shaping the demand for different asafoetida forms?
The Household end use primarily drives demand for asafoetida in powdered and granular forms, prized for their ease of use in daily cooking and food flavoring. The Food Industry, a significant consumer, often procures larger quantities in various forms, including custom blends, to incorporate into processed foods, snacks, and ready to eat meals. Pharmaceuticals, on the other hand, typically utilize concentrated extracts or specific grades for medicinal applications and dietary supplements, contributing to a distinct segment of demand.
What Regulatory and Policy Factors Shape the Global Asafoetida Market
The global asafoetida market operates within a complex and fragmented regulatory landscape. Food safety authorities worldwide, including the US Food and Drug Administration, European Food Safety Authority, and India’s Food Safety and Standards Authority, impose stringent guidelines on its production, processing, and distribution. Key regulations focus on ingredient purity, prevention of adulteration, and permissible additive levels, given its common formulation with carriers like wheat flour or gum Arabic. This necessitates clear allergen labeling requirements, particularly for gluten content, impacting import and export dynamics. Varying phytosanitary certifications and customs duties also present significant market entry barriers and operational complexities. Traceability and country of origin declarations are increasingly important, especially for premium or organic variants. Harmonization efforts across different regions remain challenging, yet compliance with diverse national and international food standards is paramount for market access and consumer trust. Regulatory frameworks continually evolve, emphasizing product quality, safety, and transparent sourcing practices.
What New Technologies are Shaping Global Asafoetida Market?
Innovations are reshaping the global asafoetida landscape. Emerging technologies in cultivation focus on enhancing Ferula plant yield and resin quality through advanced agricultural practices and biotechnology, ensuring sustainable sourcing. Processing advancements include sophisticated purification methods to create higher purity, less pungent varieties, appealing to broader consumer bases. Microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation are pivotal, offering improved flavor stability, controlled release, and easier integration into diverse food products and pharmaceuticals. This technology also addresses aroma management and shelf life extension.
Furthermore, leveraging asafoetida's functional properties drives new product development in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements for digestive health. AI powered flavor profiling assists in developing bespoke blends and applications, expanding its use beyond traditional cuisines into global savory product formulations. Traceability solutions, like blockchain, are also emerging to ensure authenticity and quality from farm to consumer, building trust in a growing market. These innovations collectively underpin robust market expansion.
Global Asafoetida Market Regional Analysis
Global Asafoetida Market
Trends, by Region
Asia-Pacific Market
Revenue Share, 2025
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Dominant Region
Asia Pacific · 65.8% share
Asia Pacific stands as the unequivocally dominant region in the global Asafoetida market, holding a substantial 65.8% market share. This commanding position is primarily driven by India, a cornerstone of both asafoetida production and consumption. The deep rooted culinary and traditional significance of asafoetida within Indian households and food processing industries fuels this regional supremacy. High domestic demand coupled with established cultivation practices and processing infrastructure positions the Asia Pacific region, especially India, as the primary hub for this unique spice. Other countries within the region also contribute but India’s overwhelming presence solidifies Asia Pacific’s top tier status, making it a critical region for future market growth and innovation.
Fastest Growing Region
Europe · 6.8% CAGR
Europe is poised for significant growth in the global asafoetida market, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 6.8% from 2026 to 2035. This robust growth is fueled by an increasing consumer preference for natural food additives and a rising awareness of asafoetida's health benefits, particularly its digestive aid properties. The expanding vegan and vegetarian populations across European countries further contribute to this trend, as asafoetida serves as a popular substitute for onion and garlic. Culinary experimentation and the growing popularity of ethnic cuisines in Europe are also key drivers. The convenience of powdered and compounded asafoetida forms enhances its market penetration, making it an attractive ingredient for both home cooking and the food processing industry.
Top Countries Overview
The U.S. is a minor player in the global asafoetida market, primarily as an importer. Demand is niche, driven by specific culinary traditions and a small health supplement market. Most product originates from Afghanistan and Iran, processed elsewhere before reaching American consumers. Domestic production is non-existent due to climate and cultivation requirements. Growth is slow, tied to immigration and increasing ethnic food interest.
China's role in the global asafoetida market is evolving. While traditionally a minor player in production, its growing demand for the spice, particularly within its vast culinary and pharmaceutical sectors, is significant. China is primarily an importer, driving global trade dynamics. Its domestic consumption patterns and potential for processing raw asafoetida could further impact sourcing and pricing in the international market, solidifying its influence as a major consumer.
India dominates the global asafoetida market, holding an estimated 40-50% share despite not cultivating the raw material. It's the world's largest importer, processor, and consumer. This leadership is driven by traditional culinary and medicinal uses, efficient processing infrastructure, and a vast domestic market. India effectively bridges the supply chain from producer nations (Iran, Afghanistan) to global consumers, solidifying its position as a central hub for this unique spice.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitical dynamics significantly influence the Asafoetida market. Afghanistan and Iran are primary raw material producers, meaning regional instability, conflict, or trade sanctions disrupt supply chains. Political relations between India, the largest consumer, and these producing nations are crucial. Any deterioration can lead to import restrictions, supply shocks, and price volatility. Geopolitical tensions can also impact transportation routes, increasing logistics costs and transit times, further straining the market.
Macroeconomic factors play a vital role. Currency fluctuations between producing and importing nations impact pricing and profitability for traders. Economic growth in India, coupled with rising disposable incomes, drives demand for asafoetida as a staple spice. Inflation in producer countries can increase raw material costs, while global inflation might reduce consumer purchasing power. Government agricultural policies in key producing nations, including subsidies or export restrictions, also directly affect the global supply and pricing of this essential commodity.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
Hindustan Unilever announced a strategic partnership with Oasis Spices to co-develop and market a new range of ready-to-use asafoetida paste products. This collaboration aims to leverage Hindustan Unilever's extensive distribution network and Oasis Spices' expertise in spice processing to capture a larger share of the convenience food market.
- February 2025
Satyam Nutraceuticals launched an innovative line of asafoetida-infused dietary supplements targeting gut health and digestion. These supplements, available in capsule and powder form, aim to position asafoetida as a key ingredient in the rapidly growing nutraceuticals sector.
- January 2025
Vishal Spices acquired a majority stake in Bansal Trading Company, a prominent raw asafoetida supplier. This acquisition is expected to strengthen Vishal Spices' supply chain security and vertical integration, ensuring a consistent and high-quality source of raw materials for its asafoetida product lines.
- November 2024
R. R. M. Foods invested heavily in a new state-of-the-art asafoetida processing facility in a key agricultural region. This strategic initiative aims to increase production capacity by 30% and improve the efficiency of their manufacturing processes to meet rising global demand.
- September 2024
Himalaya Herbals introduced a new line of organic, gluten-free asafoetida powders and granules, catering to the growing consumer demand for natural and health-conscious food ingredients. This product launch expands their existing herbal product portfolio and targets consumers seeking premium, high-quality spice options.
Key Players Analysis
Hindustan Unilever leads the global Asafoetida market with its extensive distribution network and focus on consumer packaged goods. Oasis Spices and Vasant Foods are significant regional players, emphasizing traditional processing methods and strong local sourcing. Vishal Spices and Bansal Trading Company leverage robust supply chains to cater to industrial demand. Himalaya Herbals differentiates with natural and Ayurvedic formulations. R. R. M. Foods and Satyam Nutraceuticals are emerging, investing in improved packaging and quality control. Kumar Foods and Kumar Asafotida Industries are primarily raw material processors, critical for supply stability. Strategic initiatives include expanding product lines, improving shelf life, and meeting diverse culinary preferences driving market growth.
List of Key Companies:
- Hindustan Unilever
- Oasis Spices
- Vasant Foods
- Vishal Spices
- Bansal Trading Company
- Himalaya Herbals
- R. R. M. Foods
- Satyam Nutraceuticals
- Kumar Foods
- Kumar Asafotida Industries
- Dolly Foods
- Sai Baba Asafoetida
- Aastha International
- Himalayan Spice
- Patanjali Ayurved
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 0.48 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 0.85 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 6.2% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Application, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Form, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Distribution Channel, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Asafoetida Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035