Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Insights, Size, and Forecast By Material Type (Refractory Brick, Monolithic Refractory, Castable Refractory), By Installation Type (Precast Installation, Site Installation, Repair and Maintenance), By Thickness (Thin Lining, Medium Lining, Thick Lining), By End Use Industry (Steel Production, Non-Ferrous Metal Production, Glass Manufacturing), By Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa), Key Companies, Competitive Analysis, Trends, and Projections for 2026-2035
Key Market Insights
Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market is projected to grow from USD 7.8 Billion in 2025 to USD 11.9 Billion by 2035, reflecting a compound annual growth rate of 5.4% from 2026 through 2035. This market encompasses a critical segment of industrial materials, providing durable and resistant linings for furnaces operating in highly acidic environments. Acidic furnace linings are essential for protecting the structural integrity of industrial furnaces, particularly in applications where resistance to acidic slag and high temperatures is paramount. Key drivers propelling market growth include the robust expansion of the global steel industry, increasing demand for non ferrous metals, and the rising adoption of advanced manufacturing processes requiring high temperature resistance. The growing emphasis on energy efficiency and extended furnace lifespan also contributes significantly to market expansion as high quality acidic linings reduce downtime and operational costs.
Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Value (USD Billion) Analysis, 2025-2035
2025 - 2035
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Important market trends include the increasing research and development in advanced refractory materials, focusing on enhanced thermal shock resistance and improved corrosion resistance. There is a noticeable shift towards customized lining solutions tailored to specific furnace designs and operational parameters. The drive towards sustainable manufacturing practices is also influencing material selection, promoting the use of linings with longer service lives and reduced environmental impact. However, the market faces restraints such as the volatility in raw material prices, particularly for high purity minerals, and the intense competition from alternative lining technologies. The significant capital expenditure required for installing and maintaining these linings also presents a barrier to entry for smaller players. Nevertheless, opportunities abound in developing regions, especially with burgeoning industrialization and infrastructure projects, and in the innovation of novel composite materials that offer superior performance characteristics.
The Asia Pacific region stands as the dominant force in the global acidic furnace lining market, driven by its expansive industrial base and rapid urbanization. Countries in this region are heavily investing in infrastructure and manufacturing, particularly in steel and non ferrous metal production, which are major consumers of acidic furnace linings. The region is also the fastest growing, reflecting the continuous establishment of new industrial facilities and the modernization of existing ones, leading to sustained demand for high performance refractory solutions. Key players such as SaintGobain, Morgan Advanced Materials, Lhoist, RHI Magnesita, and Refratechnik are strategically expanding their production capacities and geographical reach, focusing on product innovation and strengthening their distribution networks. Companies like Alcoa, HarbisonWalker International, Kronos Worldwide, BASF, and Magnezit Group are also employing strategies to enhance product performance, optimize cost efficiencies, and cater to the evolving needs of various end use industries, particularly the leading segment of steel production.
Quick Stats
Market Size (2025):
USD 7.8 BillionProjected Market Size (2035):
USD 11.9 BillionLeading Segment:
Steel Production (62.8% Share)Dominant Region (2025):
Asia Pacific (58.2% Share)CAGR (2026-2035):
5.4%
What is Acidic Furnace Lining?
Acidic furnace lining refers to refractory materials used to construct the inner surfaces of furnaces, specifically those designed to withstand acidic slags and molten metals. This lining type is crucial in processes involving acidic melting environments, like certain steelmaking or glass production. The refractories employed are typically silica or alumina based, exhibiting high refractoriness and resistance to acidic corrosion at extreme temperatures. Its significance lies in maintaining furnace integrity, preventing wear from reactive melts, and ensuring process purity by preventing contamination from the lining itself. Proper acidic lining selection is critical for operational efficiency and safety.
What are the Trends in Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market
Sustainable Refractory Innovations
AI Driven Material Selection
Enhanced Corrosion Resistance Solutions
Modular Lining System Adoption
Advanced Ceramic Matrix Composites
Sustainable Refractory Innovations
Acidic furnace linings face extreme conditions, demanding frequent replacement and generating substantial waste. Sustainable refractory innovations are addressing this by focusing on extending lining life and circular economy principles. This trend involves developing materials with enhanced resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock, reducing the need for premature replacements. Emphasis is placed on using fewer virgin resources and incorporating recycled content from spent linings back into new products. Advanced binder systems are also being explored to improve material cohesion and reduce dust emissions during installation and tear out. The goal is to minimize environmental footprint across the refractory lifecycle, from production to disposal, while maintaining or improving performance in highly corrosive furnace environments. This shift reduces operational costs and waste, aligning with broader industrial sustainability goals.
AI Driven Material Selection
AI driven material selection is revolutionizing the global acidic furnace lining market. Historically, choosing suitable refractory materials was a laborious, trial and error process, heavily relying on expert experience and empirical testing. This often led to suboptimal choices, premature lining failures, and increased operational costs due to frequent relining.
Now, artificial intelligence algorithms analyze vast datasets encompassing material properties, operational parameters like temperature fluctuations and chemical attack profiles, and historical performance data of various lining configurations. Machine learning models predict material degradation rates, thermal shock resistance, and corrosion susceptibility under specific acidic furnace conditions with unprecedented accuracy. This enables manufacturers to swiftly identify and optimize material combinations that offer extended lifespan, enhanced performance, and reduced downtime, leading to significant cost savings and operational efficiency gains for steel producers worldwide.
What are the Key Drivers Shaping the Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market
Rising Demand from Steel & Metal Production
Advancements in Refractory Material Science
Increased Focus on Energy Efficiency and Durability
Expansion of Industrial Infrastructure Globally
Stringent Regulations on Furnace Performance & Emissions
Rising Demand from Steel & Metal Production
The global acidic furnace lining market experiences significant impetus from increasing steel and metal production worldwide. As economies expand and urbanization accelerates, the demand for steel, a fundamental building block for infrastructure, automotive, and countless other industries, steadily climbs. This heightened production directly translates to a greater requirement for robust and durable furnace linings. Acidic linings, known for their resistance to specific slag chemistries and high temperatures prevalent in certain steelmaking processes, are essential for maintaining furnace integrity and operational efficiency. Furthermore, the growing demand for specialized metals also contributes, as these processes similarly rely on reliable furnace lining materials to ensure product quality and production continuity, driving the need for more acidic furnace linings.
Advancements in Refractory Material Science
Advancements in refractory material science are a key driver in the global acidic furnace lining market. Ongoing research and development efforts are yielding next generation materials with superior properties crucial for the demanding conditions within acidic furnaces. These innovations focus on enhancing resistance to extreme temperatures chemical corrosion from molten metals and slags and thermal shock. Improved mechanical strength and reduced porosity lead to longer lining lifespans decreasing maintenance frequency and operational downtime. The development of new bonding agents and fabrication techniques further enhances performance and ease of installation. Such scientific progress directly translates into more durable efficient and cost effective furnace linings making them highly attractive to industries operating acidic furnaces.
Increased Focus on Energy Efficiency and Durability
The demand for acidic furnace linings is significantly propelled by the industry's increasing emphasis on energy efficiency and durability. Manufacturers are under pressure to reduce operational costs and their environmental footprint. This translates into a strong preference for refractory materials that can withstand extreme temperatures and corrosive environments for extended periods. Linings with superior thermal insulation properties minimize heat loss, directly lowering energy consumption per unit of production. Furthermore, durable linings require less frequent replacement, reducing downtime and associated maintenance costs. This focus on longevity and reduced energy expenditure drives the adoption of advanced acidic furnace lining solutions capable of delivering reliable, long term performance in demanding industrial applications.
Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Restraints
Stringent Environmental Regulations on Refractory Production
Stringent environmental regulations pose a significant restraint on refractory production for the global acidic furnace lining market. These regulations, encompassing air emissions, water discharge, and waste management, demand substantial investments in pollution control technologies and environmentally friendly manufacturing processes. Producers face increased operational costs due to the need for advanced filtration systems, wastewater treatment plants, and the disposal of hazardous byproducts. Compliance often necessitates the use of more expensive, low emission raw materials and energy efficient kilns, further elevating production expenses. Delays in obtaining environmental permits and the risk of non compliance fines also deter new entrants and expansion plans. This regulatory burden limits the availability and increases the price of refractories, impacting the overall market growth.
Volatile Raw Material Prices for Acidic Refractories
Volatile raw material prices for acidic refractories present a significant hurdle for the global acidic furnace lining market. The cost of key components like high alumina bauxite, silica, and other specialized minerals fluctuates unpredictably due to factors such as mining disruptions, geopolitical events, and changing supply and demand dynamics. These price swings directly impact the production costs of acidic refractory materials, making it challenging for manufacturers to maintain stable pricing for their products. Consequently, end users, primarily steel and cement industries, face uncertainty in their operational budgets for furnace linings. This unpredictability hinders long term planning and investment in new lining technologies. Furthermore, it can lead to reduced profitability for refractory producers and potentially stifle innovation within the market, as companies become hesitant to invest in research and development given the instability of input costs.
Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Opportunities
High-Performance Acidic Refractories for Enhanced Furnace Durability and Operational Efficiency
The global acidic furnace lining market offers a prime opportunity for high performance acidic refractories. These advanced materials provide superior resistance to extreme temperatures, chemical corrosion, and mechanical stress, directly enhancing furnace durability. Longer lasting linings significantly reduce maintenance requirements and minimize costly operational downtime. This translates to improved productivity and considerable cost savings for industries such as glass, steel, and nonferrous metals. The demand for such sophisticated solutions is particularly robust in the rapidly industrializing Asia Pacific region. Companies innovating and supplying these refractories can capitalize on the urgent need for furnaces that sustain reliable, efficient operation over extended periods, fostering greater output and competitive advantage across key manufacturing sectors. This area promises substantial growth.
Innovation in Sustainable and Cost-Effective Acidic Refractory Solutions
The global acidic furnace lining market offers a prime opportunity for groundbreaking innovation in sustainable and cost effective refractory solutions. As industrial sectors worldwide, especially in the rapidly expanding Asia Pacific region, prioritize both environmental stewardship and operational efficiency, there is an urgent need for advanced materials. This opportunity involves developing novel acidic refractories that not only withstand extreme conditions but also reduce environmental impact. Think about solutions incorporating recycled content, requiring less energy to produce, or minimizing hazardous waste. Critically, these innovations must translate into significant cost savings for end users. This means longer lasting linings that decrease downtime, lower maintenance expenditures, and enhance furnace energy efficiency. Solutions offering superior thermal performance and extended campaign lives directly boost productivity and profitability. Businesses introducing such environmentally responsible yet economically advantageous materials will capture substantial market share. The focus is on next generation linings that balance robust performance with ecological benefits and clear financial returns, driving forward the evolution of industrial processes.
Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Segmentation Analysis
Key Market Segments
By Material Type
- •Refractory Brick
- •Monolithic Refractory
- •Castable Refractory
By End Use Industry
- •Steel Production
- •Non-Ferrous Metal Production
- •Glass Manufacturing
By Installation Type
- •Precast Installation
- •Site Installation
- •Repair and Maintenance
By Thickness
- •Thin Lining
- •Medium Lining
- •Thick Lining
Segment Share By Material Type
Share, By Material Type, 2025 (%)
- Monolithic Refractory
- Refractory Brick
- Castable Refractory
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Why is Steel Production the leading end use segment in the Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market?
The steel industry accounts for the majority of demand for acidic furnace linings due to the large scale and continuous nature of its operations. Steelmaking processes, particularly in electric arc furnaces and blast furnaces, often involve acidic slags that require specific refractory materials resistant to these chemical conditions. The sheer volume of molten metal processed and the extreme temperatures involved necessitate durable and reliable acidic linings to ensure operational efficiency and extend furnace lifespan, making this sector the primary consumer.
What material types are prominently featured in the Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market?
Refractory brick and monolithic refractories are key material types in the acidic furnace lining market. Refractory bricks provide high structural strength and thermal stability, suitable for enduring severe operational stresses. Monolithic refractories, encompassing castables and ramming mixes, offer flexibility in installation, allowing for seamless linings that minimize joints and enhance overall integrity. Their ability to conform to complex furnace shapes and provide rapid repair solutions makes them invaluable across various industrial applications requiring acidic resistance.
How do installation types influence the Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market dynamics?
Site installation and repair and maintenance services significantly shape the market for acidic furnace linings. Site installation involves constructing or applying linings directly within the furnace, often using monolithic materials, providing tailored solutions for specific operational requirements. Repair and maintenance activities are crucial for extending the service life of existing linings, involving patching or relining damaged sections. This ongoing need for upkeep underscores the importance of efficient and timely maintenance solutions to ensure continuous furnace operation and reduce downtime across end use industries.
What Regulatory and Policy Factors Shape the Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market
The global acidic furnace lining market operates within a dynamic regulatory landscape shaped by environmental protection, worker safety, and product quality standards. Regional policies significantly impact material selection and manufacturing processes. Environmental regulations, particularly those governing industrial emissions such as SOx and particulates, drive demand for linings that contribute to cleaner operations, especially in steel, glass, and cement production. Waste disposal directives for spent refractory materials, increasingly emphasizing circular economy principles, encourage innovation in recycling and sustainable product lifecycles.
Occupational health and safety regulations dictate material handling, installation, and removal protocols, ensuring worker protection from dust and high temperatures. Product certification and performance standards, established by bodies like ISO and various national agencies, ensure reliability and compliance. Trade policies, including tariffs and anti dumping measures on raw materials or finished linings, also influence market dynamics and supply chain strategies globally. Regulatory divergence necessitates localized compliance efforts for manufacturers and end users.
What New Technologies are Shaping Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market?
Innovations in the acidic furnace lining market are significantly reshaping industry standards. Emerging technologies focus on developing advanced refractory materials offering superior corrosion and thermal shock resistance in extreme acidic environments. This includes next generation silica alumina and high alumina refractories, often incorporating novel binders and microstructures for extended operational lifespans. The integration of nanoadditives is improving material density and chemical stability, leading to enhanced performance and reduced wear rates.
Manufacturing advancements, such as precision casting and advanced pressing techniques, enable the production of more uniform and defect free liners. Furthermore, intelligent monitoring systems are gaining prominence. These systems employ embedded sensors and data analytics to provide real time insights into lining condition, predicting potential failures and optimizing maintenance schedules. Research into sustainable refractory solutions, emphasizing recyclability and energy efficient production processes, also represents a growing area of innovation, ensuring both economic and environmental benefits for the evolving market.
Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Regional Analysis
Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market
Trends, by Region
Asia-Pacific Market
Revenue Share, 2025
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Dominant Region
Asia Pacific · 58.2% share
Asia Pacific stands as the dominant region in the global acidic furnace lining market, commanding a substantial 58.2% market share. This dominance is primarily driven by the robust growth of the steel industry across countries like China, India, Japan, and South Korea. These nations are major producers and consumers of steel, necessitating a continuous demand for high quality acidic furnace linings essential for steelmaking processes. Rapid industrialization and infrastructure development projects in emerging economies within the region further fuel this demand. Local manufacturing capabilities for refractory materials also contribute to the region's strong market position, ensuring a steady supply chain to meet the expanding industrial needs.
Fastest Growing Region
Asia Pacific · 7.9% CAGR
Asia Pacific emerges as the fastest growing region in the global acidic furnace lining market, projected to expand at a compelling CAGR of 7.9% from 2026 to 2035. This remarkable growth is primarily fueled by rapid industrialization and escalating infrastructure development across key economies like China, India, and Southeast Asian nations. The region's robust steel and non ferrous metal production, which heavily relies on acidic furnace linings for applications such as electric arc furnaces and induction furnaces, significantly contributes to this demand surge. Furthermore, increasing investments in modernizing existing industrial facilities and establishing new manufacturing plants are propelling the adoption of advanced refractory solutions. The rising awareness about energy efficiency and operational longevity also drives the preference for high performance acidic furnace linings in the Asia Pacific market.
Top Countries Overview
The U.S. plays a niche role in the global acidic furnace lining market. While not a primary producer of raw materials, it's a significant end-user, particularly within its robust steel and non-ferrous metals industries. Demand is driven by domestic manufacturing and infrastructure needs. Research into advanced refractories and sustainability also influences its market position, though production largely remains overseas.
China dominates the global acidic furnace lining market, driven by its massive steel and cement industries. Local manufacturers, like RHI Magnesita China, leverage abundant refractory raw materials and advanced production capabilities. While domestic demand is primary, Chinese companies are increasingly expanding their market share globally through competitive pricing and technological advancements in high-performance refractory materials. This positions China as a critical hub in the global supply chain for acidic linings.
India is a growing player in the global acidic furnace lining market. Domestic steel production drives demand for refractory materials. Key Indian manufacturers focus on quality and cost-effectiveness, competing with international players. Technological advancements and environmental regulations are shaping the market landscape, pushing for more efficient and sustainable lining solutions. Indian firms are increasing their global market share.
Impact of Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Factors
Geopolitical shifts in steel production, particularly China's expanding role and environmental regulations impacting coal fired furnaces, significantly influence acidic furnace lining demand. Trade disputes and tariffs on steel products or refractory materials can alter supply chains, favoring domestic refractory producers in countries with strong steel industries. Geopolitical instability in mineral rich regions supplying raw materials for refractories may disrupt supply, increasing material costs and affecting market dynamics. Industrial policies promoting or restricting specific steelmaking technologies, like electric arc furnaces versus basic oxygen furnaces, also impact lining material preferences and market segments.
Macroeconomic conditions, notably global GDP growth and industrial output, directly correlate with steel production and consequently acidic furnace lining consumption. Infrastructure development projects, automotive sector growth, and construction booms drive steel demand. Inflationary pressures on energy and raw materials elevate production costs for refractories and steel producers, potentially impacting market prices and profitability. Exchange rate fluctuations influence import export competitiveness of both steel and refractory products, affecting regional market shares. Interest rate changes can impact capital investment decisions for new furnace installations or relining projects.
Recent Developments
- March 2025
RHI Magnesita announced a strategic partnership with a major European steel producer to co-develop advanced acidic refractories for electric arc furnaces. This collaboration aims to enhance material performance and extend lining lifespan in high-demand steelmaking applications.
- January 2025
Saint-Gobain launched a new line of ultra-low cement acidic castables, specifically engineered for iron and steel foundry ladles. This product innovation offers superior resistance to thermal shock and chemical attack, addressing key challenges in extreme temperature environments.
- November 2024
HarbisonWalker International completed the acquisition of a specialized acidic refractory manufacturer in Southeast Asia. This acquisition expands HWI's manufacturing footprint and strengthens its market position in the rapidly growing Asian industrial sectors.
- September 2024
Morgan Advanced Materials introduced a novel nanotechnology-enhanced acidic ramming mix designed for coreless induction furnaces. This development focuses on improving erosion resistance and reducing slag penetration, thereby increasing furnace efficiency and uptime.
- July 2024
Refratechnik initiated a strategic initiative to invest heavily in R&D for sustainable acidic refractory solutions, focusing on reduced CO2 emissions during production. This move aligns with growing industry demand for environmentally friendly materials and processes in high-temperature applications.
Key Players Analysis
The Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market sees key players like SaintGobain and RHI Magnesita leading with comprehensive refractory solutions, leveraging advanced materials and manufacturing for high performance linings. Morgan Advanced Materials specializes in engineered ceramics, offering innovative thermal management. Lhoist provides essential mineral raw materials, crucial for refractory production. Refratechnik and HarbisonWalker International focus on diverse refractory solutions for various industrial applications. Alcoa contributes with high purity alumina, a key ingredient. BASF and Kronos Worldwide offer chemical components and pigments, though their direct furnace lining market presence is more via raw material supply chains. Magnezit Group is prominent in magnesia based refractories. Strategic initiatives include R&D for enhanced thermal shock resistance and corrosion protection, alongside expansions in emerging markets, all driven by the increasing demand for energy efficient and durable furnace linings in steel, cement, and glass industries.
List of Key Companies:
- SaintGobain
- Morgan Advanced Materials
- Lhoist
- RHI Magnesita
- Refratechnik
- Alcoa
- HarbisonWalker International
- Kronos Worldwide
- BASF
- Magnezit Group
- Corning
- Vesuvius
Report Scope and Segmentation
| Report Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Market Size (2025) | USD 7.8 Billion |
| Forecast Value (2035) | USD 11.9 Billion |
| CAGR (2026-2035) | 5.4% |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2035 |
| Segments Covered |
|
| Regional Analysis |
|
Table of Contents:
List of Figures
List of Tables
Table 1: Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 2: Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 3: Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Installation Type, 2020-2035
Table 4: Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Thickness, 2020-2035
Table 5: Global Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Region, 2020-2035
Table 6: North America Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 7: North America Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 8: North America Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Installation Type, 2020-2035
Table 9: North America Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Thickness, 2020-2035
Table 10: North America Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country, 2020-2035
Table 11: Europe Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 12: Europe Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 13: Europe Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Installation Type, 2020-2035
Table 14: Europe Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Thickness, 2020-2035
Table 15: Europe Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 16: Asia Pacific Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 17: Asia Pacific Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 18: Asia Pacific Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Installation Type, 2020-2035
Table 19: Asia Pacific Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Thickness, 2020-2035
Table 20: Asia Pacific Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 21: Latin America Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 22: Latin America Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 23: Latin America Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Installation Type, 2020-2035
Table 24: Latin America Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Thickness, 2020-2035
Table 25: Latin America Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035
Table 26: Middle East & Africa Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Material Type, 2020-2035
Table 27: Middle East & Africa Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by End Use Industry, 2020-2035
Table 28: Middle East & Africa Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Installation Type, 2020-2035
Table 29: Middle East & Africa Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Thickness, 2020-2035
Table 30: Middle East & Africa Acidic Furnace Lining Market Revenue (USD billion) Forecast, by Country/ Sub-region, 2020-2035